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Dr. John Campbell

Campbellteaching

Hello Everyone, My name is John Campbell and I am a retired Nurse Teacher and former clinical nurse based in England. I also do some teaching in Asia and Africa when time permits. These videos are to help students to learn the background to all forms of health care. My PhD focused on the development of open learning resources for nurses nationally and internationally. LinkedIn profile, https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-john-campbell-5256223b/ Twitter, https://twitter.com/Johnincarlisle Disclaimer; These media including videos, book, e book, articles, podcasts are not peer-reviewed. They should never replace individual clinical judgement from your own health care provider. No media-based material on this channel is suitable for using as professional medical advice. All comments are also for educational purposed only and must never replace advice from your own health care provider

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  • Yesterday · 4 min

    Sunk cost fallacy

    This excellent scientific analysis of recent events continues in interview three of this series. Follow Dr. Craig on SubStack, https://drclarecraig.substack.com COVID, the untold story. So much more makes sense after this book and my first illuminating discussion with Dr. Craig. Get your copy in the UK here: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Expired-untold-Dr-Clare-Craig/dp/1739344707 Uploaded 22-02-24 For friends in the US get your copy here, https://www.amazon.com/Expired-untold-Dr-Clare-Craig/dp/1739344707 Have you ever felt the covid story did not entirely add up? Expired contains multiple eye-opening revelations about covid with compelling evidence that provides a coherent, sober and clear explanation that better fits the data we have so far. Meticulous research by pathologist Dr Clare Craig sheds light on the largely overlooked evidence of airborne virus transmission, examining twelve related beliefs on spread, lockdowns, asymptomatic infections, and masks. In addition, Expired champions the importance of Western ethical principles, damaged by pandemic actions and calls for their restoration. The covid debate has proved incredibly polarising. One side believed every intervention was saving lives, while the other emphasised the harms caused. Biased modelling based on a worst-case scenario led to fearful assumptions presented as fact. By dint of sheer repetition these ‘facts’ became unquestionable. Those scientists who dared to question were proclaimed dangerous. Welcome to Cloud-Covid-Land. Let’s bring back nuance. It’s time to return to reality." Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 18 min

    Ivermectin clarification

    Ivermectin, is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiparasitic drug, Uploaded 04-10-22 https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/antiviral-therapy/ https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/antiviral-therapy/ivermectin/ Direct from official FDA site used to treat several neglected tropical diseases, including onchocerciasis, helminthiases, and scabies. For these indications, ivermectin has been widely used and is generally well-tolerated Ivermectin is not approved by the FDA for the treatment of any viral infection. Proposed Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use in Patients With COVID-19 (in vitro studies) suggest that ivermectin acts by, Inhibiting host importin nuclear transport proteins Interfere with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein attachment to the human cell membrane Some studies of ivermectin have also reported potential anti-inflammatory properties Shown to inhibit replication of SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures COVID-19 medical misinformation policy https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9891785 https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/11161123 If you're posting content Don't post content on YouTube if it includes any of the following: Treatment misinformation: Content that claims that there's a guaranteed cure for COVID-19 Content that recommends use of Ivermectin or Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 Categorical claims that Ivermectin is an effective treatment for COVID-19 Claims that Ivermectin and Hydroxychloroquine are safe to use in the prevention of COVID-19 Other content that discourages people from consulting a medical professional or seeking medical advice Prevention misinformation: Content that promotes prevention methods that contradict local health authorities or the WHO. Claims that there is a guaranteed prevention method for COVID-19 Claims that any medication or vaccination is a guaranteed prevention method for COVID-19 Content that recommends use of Ivermectin or Hydroxychloroquine for the prevention of COVID-19 Claims that Ivermectin and Hydroxychloroquine are safe to use in the prevention of COVID-19 Monitoring, Adverse Effects, and Drug-Drug Interactions The FDA first issued a warning in April 2020 that ivermectin intended for use in animals should not be used to treat COVID-19 in humans. This warning was updated and reiterated in 2021. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/why-you-should-not-use-ivermectin-treat-or-prevent-covid-19 FDA, Recommendation The Panel recommends against the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19, except in clinical trials The Panel will continue to review emerging data on ivermectin use, including the results from 2 large, ongoing randomized controlled trials. Clinical Trials Several clinical trials evaluating the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 are currently underway or in development. Please see ClinicalTrials.gov for the latest information. Bangkok Egypt Malaysia Is this one of the two? https://www.principletrial.org/news/ivermectin-to-be-investigated-as-a-possible-treatment-for-covid-19-in-oxford2019s-principle-trial Ivermectin to be investigated in adults aged 18+ as a possible treatment for COVID-19 in the PRINCIPLE trial 23 June 2021 Time line https://www.principletrial.org/news/the-principle-trial-two-years-on Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 10 min

    Covid inquiry no go zone

    WEF prepares for Disease X Uploaded 29-01-24 https://www.weforum.org/events/world-economic-forum-annual-meeting-2024/sessions/preparing-for-a-disease-x/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email Lethal Infection of Human ACE2-Transgenic Mice Caused by SARS-CoV-2- related Pangolin Coronavirus GX_P2V(short_3UTR) https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.03.574008v1.full.pdf SARS-CoV-2-related pangolin coronavirus GX_P2V can cause 100% mortality in human ACE2-transgenic mice, potentially attributable to late-stage brain infection. This underscores a spillover risk of GX_P2V into humans https://www.biblegateway.com Then another horse came out, a fiery red one. Its rider was given power to take peace from the earth and to make people kill each other. To him was given a large sword. (Revelation chapter 6, v 4) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 12 min

    High risk British research

    Petition Make all forms of 'geo-engineering' affecting the environment illegal We want all forms of geo-engineering to be illegal in the UK. Earth's natural systems. Uploaded 27-04-25 https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/701963 Advanced Research and Invention Agency https://www.aria.org.uk https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/advanced-research-and-invention-agency https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=minister+for+science News story Sir Patrick Vallance stays on at the UK’s Agency for world-changing ideas https://www.gov.uk/government/news/sir-patrick-vallance-stays-on-at-the-uks-agency-for-world-changing-ideas Press release Research agency supporting high risk, high reward research formally established https://www.gov.uk/government/news/research-agency-supporting-high-risk-high-reward-research-formally-established https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/advanced-research-and-invention-agency-aria-statement-of-policy-intent/advanced-research-and-invention-agency-aria-policy-statement Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 29 min

    International omicron multiplication

    Link for free download of John's two text books, http://159.69.48.3/ Campbell's Pathophysiology Notes, Amazon orders for the UK, https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B012HWC8SU/ref=cm_sw_em_r_mt_dp_AYC5Q7G3H2B3T4BCHQY0 Campbell's Physiology Notes https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0955379725/ref=cm_sw_em_r_mt_dp_K0MXMAP26Y77TY4J90FB the disease is mild in almost all of the cases seen so far, Dr Rochelle Walensky, CDC https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/09/cdc-chief-omicron-mild-early-data-us-spread-variant 75% of US cases vaccinated Scotland, 'tsunami' of Omicron https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10295867/Omicron-infecting-4-000-BRITONS-day.html Families in Scotland, to self-isolate for 10 days if one member tests positive, regardless of their vaccination status and even if they initially get a negative PCR test UK Government working on a 'Plan C' UK, Health Security Agency https://twitter.com/UKHSA/status/1468951053903142913?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet https://www.gov.uk/government/news/covid-19-variants-identified-in-the-uk Omicron is displaying a significant growth advantage over Delta, likely to outcompete Delta in the UK and become the dominant variant. If the growth rate and doubling time continue, at least 50% of coronavirus (COVID-19) cases to be caused by Omicron variant by mid-December One million by end of December 1% = 10,000 Omicron displays a reduction in protection offered by having had a previous infection or vaccination. There is insufficient data to make any assessment of protection against severe disease, or to assess the severity of illness caused by Omicron. Further studies are underway in the UK and abroad. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1039644/Omicron_SGTF_case_update_FINAL.pdf https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-sars-cov-2-variants-technical-briefings Graph refs https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus SA. Live data, hospital patients who have tested positive https://www.nicd.ac.za/diseases-a-z-index/disease-index-covid-19/surveillance-reports/daily-hospital-surveillance-datcov-report/ South Africa references https://www.nicd.ac.za/diseases-a-z-index/disease-index-covid-19/sars-cov-2-genomic-surveillance-update/ Weekly deaths in SA https://www.samrc.ac.za/reports/report-weekly-deaths-south-africa Variants in SA https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/south-africa/ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sage-98-minutes-coronavirus-covid-19-response-7-december-2021/sage-98-minutes-coronavirus-covid-19-response-7-december-2021 Hospital admissions from Omicron should be expected to follow soon (high confidence). Though there remain some important uncertainties, Early verbal reports indicate that hospitalisations due to Omicron are now increasing in South Africa. The doubling time for new Omicron infections is currently around 3 days in England It is unlikely to be any slower than a 5-day doubling time (high confidence) Household studies show higher secondary attack rates (high confidence). Why is omicron more transmissible? Combinations of transmissibility and immune escape Some early indications from South Africa suggest less severe disease in those hospitalised A modest reduction in severity would not avert high numbers of hospitalisations if growth rates remained very high. One thousand per day be end of month The peak is highly likely to be higher than 1,000 to 2,000 Omicron hospital admissions per day without intervention For it to be below this level there would need to be only a small degree of immune escape and very high protection from boosters against Omicron With very rapid doubling times a large wave could occur leading to synchronous absences from work. With lags of the order of two or more weeks, and doubling times Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 37 min

    Parliamentary speech on excess deaths

    If you live in the UK, you can contact your MP using this link, https://www.parliament.uk/get-involved/contact-an-mp-or-lord/contact-your-mp/ Uploaded 20-10-23 Watch the debate live, https://www.parliamentlive.tv/Event/Index/00961342-e42c-431c-b26b-fda858dba69b Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 5 min

    Risks to children

    This excellent scientific analysis of recent events continues in interview three of this series. Follow Dr. Craig on SubStack, https://drclarecraig.substack.com COVID, the untold story. So much more makes sense after this book and my first illuminating discussion with Dr. Craig. Get your copy in the UK here: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Expired-untold-Dr-Clare-Craig/dp/1739344707 For friends in the US get your copy here, https://www.amazon.com/Expired-untold-Dr-Clare-Craig/dp/1739344707 Have you ever felt the covid story did not entirely add up? Expired contains multiple eye-opening revelations about covid with compelling evidence that provides a coherent, sober and clear explanation that better fits the data we have so far. Meticulous research by pathologist Dr Clare Craig sheds light on the largely overlooked evidence of airborne virus transmission, examining twelve related beliefs on spread, lockdowns, asymptomatic infections, and masks. In addition, Expired champions the importance of Western ethical principles, damaged by pandemic actions and calls for their restoration. The covid debate has proved incredibly polarising. One side believed every intervention was saving lives, while the other emphasised the harms caused. Biased modelling based on a worst-case scenario led to fearful assumptions presented as fact. By dint of sheer repetition these ‘facts’ became unquestionable. Those scientists who dared to question were proclaimed dangerous. Welcome to Cloud-Covid-Land. Let’s bring back nuance. It’s time to return to reality." Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 18 min

    Changing a mind

    Professor David Nutt is a leading doctor, psychiatrist, psychopharmacologist, researcher, author and communicator. Here we talk about the coming second psychedelic revolution in psychiatric medicine. Based on David’s latest book on the subject, ‘Psychedelics’ written for everyone and reasonably priced, check it out, https://www.amazon.co.uk/Psychedelics-Revolutionary-Drugs-Change-Expert/dp/B0C2ZYXCCB/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3ELAL1TTCN6WB&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.wtmpP1gZgeXLB_XhhebihMmiIT96rT4URSV40XbpgwkXlewitdGosFNOdYTGXMcXJHSqU1sipPl1kcwMw5o22r59OC0v7q03iidZVDeMqnk.7TOG1W3VAgyrLtjRy_l8TGKlpDSenjj3q43_MKpIYI4&dib_tag=se&keywords=psychedelic+nutt&qid=1741823081&sprefix=psychedelic+nutt%2Caps%2C101&sr=8-1 Uploaded 12-05-25 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 2 min

    Message for men and women

    @Campbellteaching Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 20 min

    Groupthink and conflicted interests

    Amid Growing Evidence of Conflicts of Interest and Obdurate Groupthink in Medical Journals, Researchers Must Entertain Contrarian Ideas Uploaded 16-08-25 https://www.cureus.com/articles/336128-amid-growing-evidence-of-conflicts-of-interest-and-obdurate-groupthink-in-medical-journals-researchers-must-entertain-contrarian-ideas#!/ Mainstream medicine, like other academic fields, is shaped by prevailing paradigms and the dominant narratives they create. Over the past half-century, these paradigms have increasingly reflected the growing commercial influence of the pharmaceutical industry. Dominant narratives are closely tied to groupthink, to which medical journals are often subject. In addition, more “prestigious” medical journals tend to have further financial conflicts of interest with the pharmaceutical industry. These dynamics limit scientific progress by suppressing awareness of the iatrogenic aspects of industry products, and the benefits of alternative non-patentable and unpatentable medical products and therapeutic interventions. Journals need to adopt a more open policy to manuscripts that encompass contrarian perspectives to dominant narratives while still adhering to time-tested scientific values and methods. Thomas Kuhn (1962) https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo13179781.html?utm_medium=email&utm_source=transaction Scientific endeavour is subject to “paradigms” that restrict what ideas are considered valid Scientists and the peer-reviewed literature, influenced by groupthink processes as by dispassionate rationality. Science v “The Science” Groupthink theories can be vociferously held and enforced with brutal censorship, e.g. Nicolaus Copernicus (c, 1500) Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (c, 1860) Dismissed due to conflicts of interest. Considered a misinformation merchant in his own time, he is now an icon of medical science, innovation, and courage. During the past half-century, the profitability of large pharmaceutical companies has enabled them to dispense enormous financial investments into…. research, universities, medical education, medical journals, political parties, drug regulators, medical colleges and associations, and supranational institutions such as the World Health Organization. They can create the medical groupthink consensus. Internal pharmaceutical industry documents released in litigation from criminal trials, where the industry has been fined $122 billion since 2000, have revealed companies invest in shaping narratives to dominate a particular medical field in favour of their products, understating harms and overstating benefits. Conflicts of interest now bedevil every level of pharmaceutical/medical science. Pharmaceutical companies tend to oversee the trials for their own products Large pharmaceutical companies provide the majority of funding to the regulators tasked with considering the evidence of clinical trials and granting or denying licensure. A few journal chief editors have stated that their publications are effectively part of Big Pharma’s marketing departments https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/182478 https://www.bmj.com/content/326/7400/1202 https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020138 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61019-2/fulltext Editors of major medical journals have received payments from large pharmaceutical companies https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j4619 Peer reviewers have also received payments https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2824834 Pharmaceutical companies make payments to doctors https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004867412446494 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2816900 Pharmaceutical product recalls, are numerous, but take years to be actioned https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/1 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 21 min

    Covid deaths down 90% this year

    Covid deaths down 90% in 2022 Uploaded 13-11-22 https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing---9-november-2022 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/media-resources/press-briefings Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus 9,400 covid linked deaths last week Almost 90% less than in February of this year (February 2022, 75,000 a week, globally) We have come a long way, and this is definitely cause for optimism. But we continue to call on all governments, communities and individuals to remain vigilant Almost 10,000 deaths a week is 10,000 too many for a disease that can be prevented and treated WHO continues to urge caution, and we continue to urge everyone to be fully vaccinated – including getting your next dose if it’s due. https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/information/transmission-protective-measures Get all the recommended doses of COVID-19 vaccine Keep a safe distance from others, especially in closed spaces When indoors, open windows if possible Wear a mask if you’re or those around you are at high risk of severe illness Keep hands clean Cover coughs and sneezes Stay home when feeling unwel Maria Van Kerkhove substantial underestimate of the true circulation of the virus still a pandemic, and it’s still circulating quite rampantly around the world China, moves towards reality https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/983898?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=127834AR&impID=4860881&faf=1 Shortening quarantine times, close contacts, inbound travellers Seven days down to 5 Stop trying to identify "secondary" contacts Looking incremental National Health Commission (NHC) Optimising and adjusting prevention and control measures Not laying flat 10,535 new domestically transmitted cases for Thursday ONS release, 2nd November 2022 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales/census2021unroundeddata On Census Day, 21 March 2021, the size of the usual resident population in England and Wales was 59,597,542 56,490,048 in England and 3,107,494 in Wales https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/patients-registered-at-a-gp-practice-november-2022 https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/patients-registered-at-a-gp-practice/november-2022 https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/patients-registered-at-a-gp-practice/november-2022 So Five and a half more people registered with a GP than the total population We also know there are millions in England not registered with a GP Professor Norman Fenton https://twitter.com/profnfenton/status/1591155275272261632/photo/1 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 14 min

    Colon cancer in the young

    Colon cancer Uploaded 31-05-25 Breast, prostate, lung, bowel, melanoma, kidney, lymphoma Cause of cancer deaths, lung bowel US data, 10.5% of newly diagnosed colorectal cancers now occur in people younger than 50 Expected to rise to 15% by 2030 https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html Colorectal cancer is rising among people who are younger than age 50, and the reason for this remains unclear. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9177054/ Index of suspicion at younger age Anaemia, (red flag), SOBE, fatigue, pallor Abdominal pain, bloating Diarrhoea or constipation Change in normal bowel habit, (looser, more or less often), 3 weeks PR bleed, mixed, streaked, dark and tarry Pencil stools Feeling of fullness after passing stool Straining Abdo or back passage pain Lumps or obstruction Weight loss DVT Aetiology Obesity Physical activity DM2 Diet Microbiome, probiotics, prebiotics Vitamin D Smoking Alcohol Microplastics Personal and family history Adenomatous polyps Inflammatory bowel disease Lynch syndrome, hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer or (HNPCC) mRNA injections Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 1 hr 20 min

    Gibraltar Pandemic Achievements

    Fascinating discussion with Dr. Sohail Bhatti, until recently Head of Public Health in Gibraltar. Sohail is now Public Health Consultant for Slough in UK. Uploaded 27-11-21 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Thursday · 21 min

    North Korea and China, mass irrationality

    North Korea and China deny basic scientific rationality Uploaded 22-05-22 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/19/the-guardian-view-on-low-covid-vaccination-rates-not-just-north-korea https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-61533715 President Biden with President Yoon Suk-yeol We've offered vaccines, not only to North Korea but to China as well, and we're prepared to do that immediately We've got no response Declined offers from SK and others already, covax Symptomatic cases, + 220,000 = 2.5 million people have been sickened by "fever" Under treatment, 741,000 Medicines, oxygen, electricity, frequent blackouts, fridges Deaths, 66 Nationwide lockdown Claimed successfully kept Covid out by sealing borders State media Herbal tea, gargling salt-water, ibuprofen Kim Jong-un, officials bungled distribution of national medicine reserves Mobilised a million health workers, find people with fevers, quarantine China Dr. Michael Ryan https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/chinas-covid-plan-unsustainable-due-omicron-84778790 We understand why the initial response of China was to try and suppress infections to the maximum level (but) that strategy is not sustainable a suppression-only strategy is not a sustainable way to exit the pandemic for any country Unchecked transmission, North Korea, Eritrea could spur the emergence of new variants Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus zero-COVID, not sustainable WHO is deeply concerned at the risk of further spread in North Korea, Worrying numbers of people with underlying conditions Has asked North Korea to share more data, no response WHO had offered vaccines, medicines, tests and technical support, no response UK Britain reduces its Covid-19 alert level from four to three, Omicron-variant wave of the virus was subsiding. Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 newly classified as variants of concern ONS https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/articles/coronaviruscovid19latestinsights/infections Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Thursday · 21 min

    UK Parliament vaccine discussion

    Official UK government report on the debate https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2022-10-24/debates/FF880636-BC3B-4BDB-A5E0-D6D4B82B2888/Covid-19VaccinesSafety Official UK Government YouTube channel, the debate in full for those interested https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfgGCgxGYkk A few of John’s notes on immunity, from my books, free download site, http://159.69.48.3/ (You will need to cut and past this address into search engine) Acquired or adaptive immunity only develops after there has been contact with a particular antigen. An individual is said to be immune to a particular pathogen when it may be introduced into the body, without causing illness. In contrast to innate immunity, the immune system is changed as a result of exposure to a particular antigen. Acquired immunity is specific to a particular antigen. For example, previous exposure to the measles virus will have allowed the immune system to adapt, generating immunity to any future measles infection. However, because the response is specific, the individual may still suffer from mumps, influenza, or indeed any other antigenic organism it has not previously been exposed to. Antigens (antibody generators) An antigen is anything the immune system recognises as being foreign. When detected, antigens generate an immune response in the body. It is antigens which stimulate the production of antibodies, which are the immune proteins. Usually an antigen is a foreign protein that the body recognises as non-self. The outer coatings of bacteria and viruses contain such foreign proteins. Non-protein large molecules (with a molecular mass of over 1000) will also be antigenic if introduced into the body. So a wide variety of living and non living things can act as antigens; such things are said to possess antigenicity. The specific component of an antigen the immune system recognises as foreign is termed an epitope. Cells involved in adaptive immunity The important classification of white cells involved in adaptive immunity is the small lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes have a large nucleus with only a small area of cytoplasm. In addition to being found in the blood, there are many small lymphocytes in the structures of the lymphatic system, such as the spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes. Small lymphocytes are able to recognise antigenic material, this is essential if they are to mount an immune response. It is estimated that small lymphocytes are capable of producing 100 million different shapes of surface receptors in order to recognise 100 million different forms of antigen. This diversity seems to allow the immune system to recognise all of the possible antigens on the surface of the planet. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Thursday · 15 min

    Vit D research, conclusive and important

    Vitamin D supplementation has a protective effect, against the incidence of COVID-19 in RCT studies, OR 0.403, (95% IC 0.218, 0.747) In the RCTs performed on HCWs, the overall reduction in risk in the population supplemented with vitamin D was approximately 80% Against the incidence of COVID-19 in analytical studies OR = 0.592, (95% IC 0.476–0.736) Against the incidence of COVID-19 ICU admission OR 0.317, (95% IC 0.147–0.680). Our meta-analysis suggests a definitive and significant association between the protective role of vitamin D and COVID-19 incidence and ICU admission. Preventive Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk for COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/5/679 (28th Feb 2024) Vitamin D, crucial roles Bone homeostasis, muscle function, oncogenesis, immune response and metabolism. In the context of the COVID-19 Numerous researchers have tried to determine the role vitamin D in the immune response to the virus. Systematic review and meta-analysis, 15th May 2023 Preventive vitamin D supplementation, 16 publications N = 1,262,235 participants, A protective role in Incidence of COVID-19 Mortality Admission to intensive care units (ICUs). We calculated the Odds Ratios The assessment of potential bias and the evaluation of study quality will be conducted independently by two researchers. Extra information The majority of the effects of vitamin D are mediated by the VDR, which promotes the expression of genes containing specific DNA sequences and is expressed in almost all nucleated cells Approximately 3 percent of the human genome is under the control of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D Vitamin D has been observed to contribute to the synthesis of defensins, to be pivotal for enhancing the phagocytic activity, and to modulate the immune system response by regulating the inflammatory cascade Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Thursday · 11 min

    Delta plus and long covid

    Delta plus, First identified in India in 2020 Uploaded 04-09-21 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57564560 India and Europe classified a new VOV AY.1, additional mutation K417N (Aldo found in Beta, SA stain) India says, spreads more easily, binds more easily to lung cells, potentially resistant to monoclonal antibody therapy No data to be over concerned now USA, UK, Portugal, Switzerland, Japan, Poland, Nepal, Russia, China Long covid and vaccination https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/double-covid-vaccination-halves-risk-of-long-covid Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309921004606 Double vaccination 31% less likely to experience acute COVID symptoms 47% less likely to get Long COVID if they become infected 73% less likely to be hospitalised Most common symptoms Similar to unvaccinated adults Anosmia, cough, fever, headaches, fatigue All milder and less frequently Half as likely to get multiple symptoms in the first week of illness Sneezing, only symptom more common in vaccinated Tim Spector Vaccinations are massively reducing the chances of people getting Long COVID in two ways. Firstly, by reducing the risk of any symptoms by 8 to 10 fold and then by halving the chances of any infection turning into Long COVID, if it does happen. We are encouraging people to get their 2nd jab as soon as they can Sajid Javid COVID-19 vaccines have saved more than 105,000 lives and prevented over 24 million infections in England alone This research is encouraging, suggesting vaccines are not only preventing deaths but could also help prevent some of the longer lasting symptoms 80 long COVID assessment services have opened across England It is clear vaccines are building a wall of defence against the virus and are the best way to protect people from serious illness Australia https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-58406526 Prime Minister Scott Morrison Time to leave lockdowns Come out of the cave, live with the virus Radical change from ‘fortress Australia’ ‘Covid zero’ E.g. Melbourne, 200 days of lockdown over 2 years Now Vaccinating fact All over 12years Ease out of lockdowns Vaccinated people, more freedoms Continue testing and tracing Retain low-level restrictions, mask-wearing, social distancing Borders open at 80% threshold double dosage ?? December Prof Ivo Mueller, Melbourne The plan that is proposed is actually very thoughtful and careful It's not 'Freedom Day, it's not let's throw everything out the window and go party Predicted 13 – 1,500 deaths in 6 months Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Thursday · 16 min

    Microdose or big trip

    Professor David Nutt is a leading doctor, psychiatrist, psychopharmacologist, researcher, author and communicator. Here we talk about the coming second psychedelic revolution in psychiatric medicine. Based on David’s latest book on the subject, ‘Psychedelics’ written for everyone and reasonably priced, check it out, https://www.amazon.co.uk/Psychedelics-Revolutionary-Drugs-Change-Expert/dp/B0C2ZYXCCB/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3ELAL1TTCN6WB&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.wtmpP1gZgeXLB_XhhebihMmiIT96rT4URSV40XbpgwkXlewitdGosFNOdYTGXMcXJHSqU1sipPl1kcwMw5o22r59OC0v7q03iidZVDeMqnk.7TOG1W3VAgyrLtjRy_l8TGKlpDSenjj3q43_MKpIYI4&dib_tag=se&keywords=psychedelic+nutt&qid=1741823081&sprefix=psychedelic+nutt%2Caps%2C101&sr=8-1 Uploaded 30-03-25 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Thursday · 57 min

    Vitamin D insufficiency pandemic

    Professor David Anderson. Early vitamin D research doctor. Vitamin D and other topics, a fascinating wide ranging discussion with retired Consultant Physician and Professor of Endocrinology David Anderson. Download a free copy of VITAMIN D3 and the Great Biology Reset, by Professor David Anderson and Dr David Grimes. https://dgreatbiologyreset.com/#download Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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