Talking Talmud

Yardaena Osband & Anne Gordon

Learning the daf? We have something for you to think about. Not learning the daf? We have something for you to think about! (Along with a taste of the daf...)
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S32 · E45
Monday · 19 min
Bekhorot 45: If a Blemish Is Corrected, Is It Still a Blemish?
More blemishes, but some of them are the kind of things that, nowadays, we correct fairly easily (bowleggedness, for example). Or a kohen with an extra digit -- which is not common, but not uncommon either, with a significant genetic component. Nowadays, they are easily removed. Or less changeable, perhaps, but also less identifiable as a blemish these days, like left-handedness. Plus, the question of how many bones are in the human body. Also, other "full-body" exemptions from being able to serve -- blemishes, of a kind, such as drunkenness, among others -- that disqualify a person from serving, but not an animal from being able to be the sacrifice. Including skin color and great height, with a side recommendation that like marry not-like. Plus, similar blemishes (including sins and crimes) that would disqualify an animal from being sacrificed if it were party to these (such as bestiality), but the person is not disqualified.
S32 · E44
Sunday · 23 min
Bekhorot 44: When You Gotta Go, You Gotta Go
Cases of disqualification of kohanim from doing the Temple service for all kinds of eye blemishes, from blindness to pale spots on the eyes or excess tears -- and how they are derived from the verses in Leviticus. Also, mishnayot! 1 - Blemishes that are unsightly physical blemishes, including eyes and other parts of the face. Plus, an assessment of Moshe's height -- based on that of the Tabernacle, so perhaps he was 10 amot high, which would have been too tall, and indeed a blemish of disproportion. 2- Additional blemishes - if a man has breasts that distend like those of a woman; if his stomach or navel protrudes; if he has occasional epileptic seizures; and more. Plus, Torah scholars should not worry about urinating in public -- it's a health concern, as compared to drinking water in public, which was considered uncouth. With examples of the Torah scholars who, indeed, urinated in public. 3 - A kohen who has no testicles, or only one - those are blemishes that get in the way of working in the Temple. But maybe tis is only if the testicles were crushed?
S32 · E43
Saturday · 16 min
Bekhorot 43: From Animal Blemishes to Priestly Blemishes
Blemishes that disqualify kohanim from doing the Temple service -- derived from the verses in Leviticus. There are 3 categories of blemishes -- 1. appear in kohanim and animals; 2. appear in kohanim and not animals. 3. rabbinic disqualifications, especially as "mar'it ayin," in terms of unusual appearances. Including, for example, baldness, where some degree of hair loss is acceptable, but not entirely. Connecting blemishes of a person and those of an animal, even though we often distinguish between humans and animals -- as found in a gezerah shavah from the words in the Torah's verses. Also, why does the Torah provide all of the cases it does? If a blemish is disqualifying, why would listing the details be necessary to begin with? Plus, 2 mishnayot! 1 - Eyebrow blemishes, when it comes to kohanim. 2. Eye placement or eye health blemishes, also when it comes to kohanim.
S32 · E42
Friday · 22 min
Bekhorot 42: Different in One Way, Different in Another Way
With regard to an animal that is an androgynos, with both male and female sexual organs, is not considered for a first-born status, because it's not uniquely male. With editorial comments, as it were, made about the baraita that establishes these standards. Also, a tannaitic dispute on a tumtum (human) -- if this person betroths a woman, we accept the kiddushin, because the tumtum might be male. And if a man betroths a tumtum -- also, we accept the kiddushin, because the person might be female. What if the tumtum is male, but also sterile? One who is sterile has different standing with regard to the marital rules -- in terms of yibum, for example.
S32 · E41
Thursday · 18 min
Bekhorot 41: Tumtum and Androgynous: Animal Edition
Beginning with a couple of mishnayot -- on a calf whose tail doesn't reach down to the upper leg joint, which is considered to be a blemish. Imagine a camel to help picture the join on the animal, which is more pronounced on the camel. Also, blemishes in a first-born that don't lead to slaughtering outside of the Temple -- with a decently long list, including, eventually, the tumtum and androgynous in the context of animals, and not people. Also, delving into the question of the tumtum with hidden genitals, where the gender is not known, as compared to an androgynous, who truly has both male and female genitals, which couldn't be slaughtered in the Temple, in the case of error. Also, note phenomena that may be treated as a blemish, but maybe it's only a physical cut, and not a real and lasting blemish. Plus, the application of the categories of tumtum and androgynous to the animals. Also, Rabbi Yishmael's opinion on this serious blemish -- in contrast to the other sages, who focus on how it isn't necessarily a blemish.
S32 · E40
October 28 · 18 min
Bekhorot 40: A Mishnayot Festival on Blemishes
There are 7 mishnayot on this daf! (though we'll save the last one for tomorrow). 1 - On testicles and the nature of testicular blemishes. 2 - On the fact that blemishes are not how things are supposed to be; for example, an animal that should have 4 legs, but instead has 3 or 5. 3 - On blemishes that are not immediately discernible. 4 - On the jaw of a first-born animal, where the lower jaw juts out farther than the upper jaw, and how that's a blemish. 5 - On extra cartilage in the ear, and how that's a blemish. 6 - A list of blemished animals, whether in the eye or the leg or the mouth/jaw or the ear or the testicles... and whether these blemishes are discernible.
S32 · E39
October 27 · 18 min
Bekhorot 39: Gums, Teeth, and Tails
3 mishnayot! Rabbi Hanina bar Antignos on various blemish, specifically the pale spots that constitute a blemish. Note the requirement of an even amount of time between checking the blemish. Also, determining the timing of the impurity of a blemish. Plus, a list of possible, fairly minor blemishes -- including on the outer part of the lip. 2 - On the gums and whether the external gums are significant for the blemishes, with the new ones hidden away, as it were. Note - the phenomenon of the double teeth. 3 - Misshapen genitals, and also when it comes to already consecrated animals, not just the first-borns. Also, the potential of blemishes in an animal's tail.
S32 · E38
October 26 · 21 min
Bekhorot 38: Some Blemishes Are Temporary: Eyes
Determining the capacity of an earthenware vessel to become impure on both its inside and outside -- as long as it's a receptacle, with a "middle," such as it was, with sides that form a middle to contain something (in contrast to a platter). Also, 2 mishnayot: 1 - Blemishes in an animal's eye, such as cataracts. Also, the case of the "hilazon nahash" -- is that one animal or two? And the kohen who determines status and teaches others to determine status. 2 - Checking the animal for the blemish, whether it disappears or will become permanent, especially when considering the eye blemishes,
S32 · E37
October 25 · 14 min
Bekhorot 37: Torah-level Blemishes
Finishing chapter 5 and starting chapter 6, with a mishnah in each chapter, and attention to the requirement of an experts to sign off on a first-born animal's status as "blemished" (and what can be done with it afterwards), as well as the various blemishes and their implications, as we embark on a new chapter that focuses on blemishes, and -- to be careful -- not treyfot.
S32 · E36
October 24 · 19 min
Bekhorot 36: The Wisdom of Rabbi Tzadok
The case of hearsay testimony - and when it's acceptable (not often!). Also, the opinion of Rabbi Tzadok on a first-born that split its lip while eating. But does that smack of intentional blemishing? Plus, the famous and important showdown between Rabban Gamliel and Rabbi Yehoshua, which also appears on Berakhot 27b. Also, 3 mishnayot: more on kohanim and unblemished first-borns who get blemished. And the Pompedita practice of accepting the testimony of kohanim. Plus, blemishes in the eyes of the animals.
S32 · E35
October 23 · 19 min
Bekhorot 35: Intent, Testimony, and Expertise
3 mishnayot! 1 - Beginning with a story about a Roman soldier intentionally blemishing a first-born ram, and how the sages approved that case as a blemish, but not when others attempted the same. Likewise, kids who tied the tails of lambs together, including first-borns, and one lost a tail, and that case was also permitted, but not as a general rule. Intent would ruin that. 2 - One who kicks a first-born and causes a blemish. 3 - Who can testify about the blemish to a first-born, when it's brought to an expert to adjudicate the blemish?
S32 · E34
October 22 · 16 min
Bekhorot 34: Written or Read?
For a case of certainly pure terumah vs. uncertain terumah (whether it's pure or not) - in light of the plural of the word "terumotai" in the Torah. Or is it "terumati"?! Also, what if one DID make a blemish on a first-born animal, even though it's of course not allowed. The Gemara specifically looks for comparable cases to determine the penalties, if there are to be any.
S32 · E33
October 21 · 17 min
Bekhorot 33: Blemishes
The Gemara picks up on Beit Hillel's leniency from the previous day's mishnah, and Rabbi Akiva's opinion on "the gazelle and the hart" - which are permitted to a non-Jew to eat. And how that phrasing drives the interpretation, including explanations by Rishonim (the medieval commentators). Plus, the question whether menstruant woman could participate in such a meal. Also, a new mishnah! You can't actively intentionally make a blemish in an animal, but certain actions that might leave a blemish are allowed to prevent a more lasting blemish. Note the shift to issues of impurity and purity, in the case of wine where there's uncertainty as to whether it's impure.
S32 · E32
October 21 · 16 min
Bekhorot 32: Revisiting Gezarah Shavah
A discussion here compares the first-born with tithed animals. For a firstborn, it cannot be redeemed, but it can be sold. And tithed animals are the reverse. What's the source? The Gemara explains that for the subjects of this group much be free. Thus, there are two steps here - establishing that a "maaser" item cannot be redeemed to begin. with. The details, for those who delve in, show many different appearances of non-Geulah. Also, a focus on the "gezarah shavah" as the methodological leading principle here. The phrase cannot be used for other inferences for that gezarah shavah to work at all. Also, a statement by Rava about how that which has been dedicated cannot be redeemed, at least when it's a first-born animal. Plus, it depends where the items are - whether in the kohen's possession or that of the owner. Also, a very small new mishnah (!), with a dispute between Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel, as to whether those partaking of a blemished first born could sit together -- B"Sh says only kohanim; B"H says even a non-Jew!
S32 · E31
October 19 · 22 min
Bekhorot 31: In the Name of the Speaker
Finishing the 4th chapter - with the series of baraitot about the "chaver" - with a focus here on the last one. That is, specifically, a kohen can examine first-borns for blemishes, as long as they are not being given to himself, but he could rule on his own sacrifices, for example. Plus, how many judges are needed for various things, including judging first-borns, one or three? Plus, other examples that require a court of 3, including halitzah. What if you have an expert in blemishes on that court? And starting chapter 5 - with a new mishnah: selling the meat of disqualified consecrated animals at the butcher vs. selling the blemished of first-born animals. They're not weighed precisely in contrast to the regular consecrated animals, and the proceeds go to the owner. Plus, Rav Sheshet and narrowing the focus of the mishnah to orphans...
S32 · E30
October 18 · 16 min
Bekhorot 30: Localized Wrong and Generalized Right
A new mishnah! A person who is suspected or known to not be careful about the laws of the shemitah year may or may not be careful about tithing, and likewise with regard to the rules of purity/impurity. But once one is suspect, that person can't judge or bear witness, at least with regard to that specific arena. Also, a focus on the "chaver," someone who is known to be careful in all areas of halakhah. Including details that are debated between Beit Hillel and Beit Shammai.
S32 · E29
October 17 · 16 min
Bekhorot 29: Dishonest Is as Dishonest Does
Another day of mishnayot: 1 - One who takes wages to be a judge or give testimony or a kohen who does so to facilitate a red heifer -- all of those efforts would be void. Note that the kohen who facilitates the red heifer becomes impure and cannot partake of terumah, which is his own monetary loss. 2 - If one is suspect with regard to bekhorot, for example, a kohen who is accused of making a blemish on the first-borns, then one may not purchase regular meat from him either, including the kind for which the first-born law was irrelevant (like venison). 3 - One who is suspected of not being careful with the laws of the shemitah year -- you can't buy any plant-based items from him, but you can buy non-plant based items. 4 - One who is not trustworthy with regard to terumot and ma'aserot may be untrustworthy when it comes to water and salt, no less.
S32 · E28
October 16 · 14 min
Bekhorot 28: Ethical Blemish-Checking
4 mishnayot! 1 - On determining that an animal has a blemish - after slaughtering, and the tension of having non-experts involved in determining whether the animal has a blemish. 2 - What if the kohen makes an error in judgement? What is done is done. But the judge may well be liable. With mention of dina de-garmi. 3 - A story (in the mishnah!) about the error of the previous mishnah. 4 - Making sure that one's salary was not contingent on the assessment of blemishes - unless the person checking was an expert.
S32 · E27
October 15 · 15 min
Bekhorot 27: Year by Year
If the kohen demands the first-born before the prescribed time, the owner does not need to provide it, because it seems that such a kohen would look too close to an employee of the owner -- for taking care of the animal. Also, more on the question of giving terumah to the kohen when it does appear that he assists "on the threshing floor." Note the fact of a rabbinic level of terumah as well as a Torah level. Also, delving into the meaning of "shanah be-shanah" - year by year, with regard to the first-born's year, the calendar year, or perhaps the time of eating the sacrifice of the first-born.
S32 · E26
October 14 · 15 min
Bekhorot 26: Handing Over the First-borns
To close the 3rd chapter: What if wool were plucked from an unblemished burnt-offering? What would the halakhah be regarding benefiting from that detached wool? The sacrifice might be postponed because of this question, and that can really complicate matters. And the new chapter begins -- with a new mishnah, and some basic questions about when the first-born is given the the kohen. "Small" animals should be given with a 30-day limit (or 3 months, depending on whom you ask) - sheep and goats. "Large" animals - that's cattle - have a 50-day limit.

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