Thinking On Paper

AI Data Centers Are Moving From Air Cooling to Liquid Cooling

Data centers use water to cool air, not chips. The water chills the air that gets blown across the racks, and that is where it evaporates. Remove the air and you remove most of the water. Simon Jesenko runs Iceotope, which builds cooling with no fans and no air at all. Fifteen to twenty litres of refined oil circulating inside a sealed chassis, touching every component. His point about the headlines: they describe air-cooled facilities, and the industry is moving off them. Once a site runs fully liquid-cooled, he says consumption drops immensely. He explains: - Why direct-to-chip cooling only solves 80 percent of the problem, and what stays hot - What the dielectric liquid actually is, where it comes from, and why Shell and Exxon make it - Why early liquid cooling installs leaked, and what that did to the industry's appetite for risk - Why the power supply unit, not the GPU, is where his technology wins - Why crypto miners proved immersion cooling years before data centers Please enjoy the show. -- Chapters (00:00) Introduction to data center cooling challenges (01:07) Water usage in data centers compared to agriculture and other industries (03:00) Basics of open loop and closed loop cooling systems (04:18) Guest introduction: Simon Jesenko of Isotope (05:02) Misconceptions about data center cooling technology (06:08) Evolution from air cooling to liquid cooling in data centers (07:31) Direct-to-chip cooling technology explained (08:40) Water consumption in traditional vs modern data centers (10:29) Market transition towards fully liquid cooled data centers (12:23) Airflow management and chip-level cooling techniques (13:34) Environmental factors influencing data center placement (15:50) Challenges of integrating liquid cooling into existing hardware (19:02) Future-proofing with system-level liquid cooling (22:02) Immersion cooling history and applications in crypto mining (23:25) What is dielectric liquid and its environmental impact (26:50) Adoption and market opportunities for Isotope’s technology (30:56) Optimizing power distribution with liquid cooling (34:15) Industry trends and next steps in liquid cooling technology (37:24) Capacities and limits of current cooling technologies (40:26) Guest question: How has AI replaced daily activities? -- Learn more about Iceotope: https://www.iceotope.com/ Thinking on Paper: ◼ Choose your own technology adventure: https://www.thinkingonpaper.xyz ◼ Running a tech conference? Book us to host: https://www.thinkingonpaper.xyz/tech-conference-host-moderators/ ◼ Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/00volKqMsQntToeho35W47 ◼ Listen on Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/thinking-on-paper-technology-considered/id1713227258 ◼ Follow Mark: https://www.linkedin.com/in/markfielding99/ ◼ Follow Jeremy: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeremygilbertson/

He Quit SpaceX to Make Houses from Grass | Nathan Silvernail, CEO of Plantd

Nathan Silvernail quit SpaceX to make wood from grass. Building the first part of a rocket SpaceX ever reused - the nose cone - wasn’t enough. After a decade working for Elon Musk, he quit. Took everything he had learnt. And started Plantd. The plan? Make carbon-negative engineered lumber from fast-growing perennial grass. Climate tech meets space tech. Wood, without trees. Plantd's panels replace OSB, the oriented strand board that sheathes the floors, walls and roofs of almost every new American home. In this hotly anticipated episode, Nathan joins Thinking On Paper to talk about his SpaceX journey, why he thinks Mars is a distraction from the work in front of us, how the lumber industry accounts for the wood it burns, and why building a material stronger than steel turned out to be wrong. You’ll get insight into the nine-month harvest cycle, what it takes to change the culture of an industry without letting it notice, and why he believes the unit economics that let SpaceX displace ULA will do the same to timber. Please enjoy the show. Thinking on Paper connects the dots between technology and what it means to be human. New episodes every week. 🏠 ⁠Buy us a beer on Substack⁠ 🫵 C⁠hoose your own technology adventure ⁠ 📺 ⁠Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube ⁠ 🎧 R⁠emember Steve Jobs on APPLE⁠ 📺 ⁠Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram ⁠ -- Chapters (00:00) Grass building panels that replace wood (04:10) SpaceX: what the job actually cost him (07:56) What a payload fairing is and how SpaceX recovers it (11:52) Lumber: why anger put him in this industry (24:02) OSB alternative: a drop-in structural panel (28:00) Carbon negative building materials explained (29:50) SpaceX and ULA: the same playbook for lumber (35:55) Why hemp, bamboo and mycelium fail as building materials (40:14) Harvest: nine months against fifteen years (46:00) Why the Space Shuttle was retired

New US Space Transportation Policy Demands 1000 Rocket Launches a Year

We read the National Space Transportation Policy in full. Signed 20 August 2026, it shreds the 2013 directive and rewrites how the US gets into space, moves around up there, and comes back down. The War Department is all over it. Launch ranges, reentry infrastructure, a clause about accommodating launches within 48 hours of need. You don't build a 48-hour capability to do science. Somebody expects to lose a satellite and need a replacement up fast. Here's what we think stops it. Not rockets. Not pads. Demand. Most of what goes up is Starlink, everyone else crams onto rideshares, and a target of 1,000 assumes five times more reason to be up there than anyone currently has. The document is a sales pitch with the government as a customer. We also get into the Mars carve-out and what it says about who America needs, the ISS retiring the same year and China’s plans to land on the moon. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping your life. 🏠 ⁠Buy us a beer on Substack⁠ 🫵 C⁠hoose your own technology adventure ⁠ 📺 ⁠Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube ⁠ 🎧 R⁠emember Steve Jobs on APPLE⁠ 📺 ⁠Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram ⁠ -- Chapters (00:00) Introduction to the US Space Transportation Policy (03:20) US Launches in 2025 and 2026 (04:45) Private Industry and Market Demand (06:24) International Competition and Collaboration (07:55) Infrastructure Needs for Increased Launches (10:00) Government Coordination and Regulatory Frameworks (12:02) Market Opportunities and Ride-Sharing in Space (15:13) Future Missions to Mars and Lunar Surface (18:43) International Efforts and the Race to Mars (20:48) Implications of the 2030 Space Goals (23:22) Summary and Next Steps

Fear Is Holding Us Back From Asking Questions │ Pia Lauritzen

Why do we stop asking questions as adults? Philosopher Pia Lauritzen has analysed 30,000 of them, and says nothing was ever lost. The ability stays. What changes is the price. Every question admits you don't know something, and nobody gets promoted for ignorance. Ask in the wrong room and curiosity starts to feel like an interrogation, which is why most of us learn to keep the question to ourselves. She proves it in keynotes. One minute, two rules, and every person in the audience writes one. They could do it the whole time. Full episode with Pia Lauritzen on questions, curiosity and whether AI can think at www.thinkingonpaper.xyz Be curious, stay disruptive. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping your life. 🏠 ⁠Buy us a beer on Substack⁠ 🫵 C⁠hoose your own technology adventure ⁠ 📺 ⁠Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube ⁠ 🎧 R⁠emember Steve Jobs on APPLE⁠ 📺 ⁠Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram ⁠

AI And The Hyper-personalization of Music

Nicholas Ponari says AI music makes live performance more valuable, not less. Mark Fielding calls the same future a hellscape. Ponari's scenario: by 2045 his son types a script into a generator, gets a feature film in the style of Kubrick crossed with Tarantino, and hits publish. Everyone becomes a creator in every medium. Nobody can consume a fraction of it, so AI becomes the largest curator in history. Mark's objection is that shared culture dies with it. No song anyone else has heard. No film anyone else has seen. Nothing left to talk about. Ponari's answer is scarcity. When everything is generated, the things that cannot be, a room, a crowd, live music, become more valuable than ever. Who's right? Full episode at thinkingonpaper.xyz. Be curious, stay disruptive. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping your life. Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping your life. 🏠 ⁠Buy us a beer on Substack⁠ 🫵 C⁠hoose your own technology adventure ⁠ 📺 ⁠Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube ⁠ 🎧 R⁠emember Steve Jobs on APPLE⁠ 📺 ⁠Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram ⁠

AI Governance: Where Does Recursive Self Improvement End?

The US and China are racing to build AI systems that could lead to superintelligence before any enforceable global rules exist to inspect them, limit them or verify what they can do. Mark and Jeremy Think On Paper about The Hard Question of AI, an essay by Planet CEO Will Marshall. Marshall argues that AI governance now needs the same kind of verification, trust and global protection as nuclear weapons. That means more than voluntary safety tests and China and America laying down their AGI swords. And since that is unlikely, it could mean monitoring chips, tracking data-centre construction and energy use, inspecting frontier AI labs, protecting whistleblowers and agreeing international red lines around recursive self-improvement. But the nuclear comparison has many challenges. Weapons-grade material is scarce and difficult to hide. Just ask Iran. AI software can spread quickly and cross borders. Any Tom, Dick or Harry could end up being the first to create superintelligence. At the centre of the episode is one question: what would AI’s Cuban Missile Crisis look like? What event would force the US and China to cooperate? Really cooperate. Lip service won’t calm existential risk. We also discuss Sam Altman, Dario Amodei and Demis Hassabis, the incentives behind AI safety warnings, the limits of voluntary regulation, the RAND verification framework, recursive self-improvement, the Fermi paradox and whether governments can build the institutions required to manage AI superintelligence. Hint: they can’t. Please enjoy the show. And don’t have nightmares. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping your life. 🏠 ⁠Buy us a beer on Substack⁠ 🫵 C⁠hoose your own technology adventure ⁠ 📺 ⁠Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube ⁠ 🎧 R⁠emember Steve Jobs on APPLE⁠ 📺 ⁠Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram ⁠ -- Chapters 00:00 Trailer 01:38 AI And Existential Risk 02:40 OpenAI, Anthropic & Google 04:40 Nuclear meltdown or sharks? 05:50 Why is everyone speaking about the end of humanity 08:00 RSI - Closed loop recursive self improvement 10:00 A ghostbuster copyright interlude 19:39 Why America And China Are In An AI Race 23:51 The AI Cuban Missile Crisis 28:07 The AI Supply Chain 35:09 USA And China And The AI DeadEnd 40:36 The Nuclear Framework

Make GPUS 25% More Efficient | Moshe Tanach, CEO NeuReality

AI companies are splashing billions on more GPUs before they use the ones they already have. Many sit idle, others use a fraction of their potential. For the hyperscalers, cloud providers and AI companies, buying more GPUs does not solve much if the GPUs already in the rack spend too much time waiting for the rest of the system. The next battle in the AI infrastructure wars is efficiency: GPU utilization, NICs, memory movement, networking, CPUs and software that keeps expensive hardware doing useful work. Moshe Tanach runs NeuReality AI, a company building infrastructure for AI inference. In this conversation, he explains why the next wave of AI infrastructure depends on GPU utilization, NICs, memory movement, networking and software efficiency, not just buying more chips. This is a technical conversation about AI inference, infrastructure efficiency and the hardware layer beneath ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and the AI tools now being built into business software. Please enjoy the show. Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping your life. 🏠 ⁠Buy us a beer on Substack⁠ 🫵 C⁠hoose your own technology adventure ⁠ 📺 ⁠Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube ⁠ 🎧 R⁠emember Steve Jobs on APPLE⁠ 📺 ⁠Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram ⁠ -- Chapters (00:00) The GPU challenge (01:27) Training Vs Inference (05:45) Memory & Keeping The GPU Busy (07:31) Deep Seek, Blackwell & Ruben (09:03) How Ripe Is CPU For Reinvention? (11:03) AI Agents Run On CPUs (12:51) Do We Need All The Computation? (14:35) GPU Utilization Rates (16:50) Tokens In A Context Window (20:59) Data, Knowledge & Wisdom (23:56) Why Are Your GPUs Busy? (A Truck Analogy) (29:07) Hyperscalers (31:59) The Decode Phase (36:47) What More Efficient GPUs Means For The User

Is Cultivated Meat The Death Knell For Industrial Animal Farming? - Bruce Friedrich

Could cultivated meat replace industrial farming without asking billions of people to change what they eat? And save all the cows on the way? Bruce Friedrich, founder of the Good Food Institute and author of Meat, explains why the future of food may depend less on changing human behaviour and more on changing how meat is produced. For more than 12,000 years, humans have relied on animal agriculture to produce meat. Bruce argues that this system is reaching its limits. We explore how cultivated meat is made, why it is attracting support from governments and major food companies, and why some of the biggest meat eaters are also the most open to the technology. Along the way, we discuss the environmental cost of livestock, antibiotic resistance, food security, infrastructure, consumer psychology, regulation, and whether this technology could become as transformative as renewable energy or electric vehicles. We also examine what happens to farmers, why culture may be harder to change than technology, and whether cultivated meat can ever reach price parity with conventional meat. If the next agricultural revolution is already underway, it may not begin on a farm. Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping your life. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🫵 Choose your own technology adventure 📺 Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube 🎧 Remember Steve Jobs on APPLE 📺 Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram -- Chapters (00:00) Who Eats Cultivated Meat? (02:37) Cultural Significance of Meat (06:09) What Is Cultivated Meat? (08:25) The Science Behind Cultivated Meat (10:48) How Much Does Cultivated Meat Cost? (14:46) What does cultivated meat taste like? (17:10) Emerging Companies in the Lab Meat Industry (19:08) Industry Support for Alternative Meats (21:06) Government Role in Innovation (24:40) The Future of Animal Agriculture (28:25) Agricultural Policies for Sustainability (31:41) What Are Fermented Meats? (35:48) Meat And Antibiotic Resistance (39:32) The Invisible Costs of Meat Production (42:26) The Future of Cultivated Meat

Mining Asteroids For Platinum | Matthew Gialich, CEO Astroforge

Asteroid mining sounds insane until you speak to AstroForge CEO Matthew Gialich. Then it makes perfect sense. Matthew’s team at AstroForge builds spacecraft to mine metallic M-type asteroids for platinum group metals, the unglamorous but essential metals inside phones, cars, chips, electronics and much more. AstroForge is one of the few companies trying to make space mining real, targeting metal-rich asteroids that could contain platinum, palladium, iridium and other PGMs. Why? Earth’s resources are getting harder, deeper and more expensive to reach. The good stuff is not sitting neatly on the surface. A lot of it is buried, depleted, regulated or uneconomic. In this episode, Matthew explains why asteroid mining may now be technically and economically possible, why Planetary Resources may have been too early, how SpaceX changed the capital story for space startups, and why AstroForge’s first deep-space spacecraft failed after travelling nearly a million miles from Earth. Please enjoy the show. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping your life. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🫵 Choose your own technology adventure 📺 Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube 🎧 Remember Steve Jobs on APPLE 📺 Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram -- Chapters (00:00) Asteroid Mining Trailer (02:51) The Economic Necessity of Asteroid Mining (08:37) Lessons from Planetary Resources (10:43) Risk and Innovation (15:26) Deep Space Two (19:05) The Quest for Asteroid Exploration (22:20) Aliens & Life Beyond Earth (24:17) Ownership and Ethics in Space Mining (26:21) The Next Challenges in Asteroid Mining (27:56) Changing Earth's Economy (30:13) The Role of Capital (32:32) Matt's Vision for Space Exploration (35:06) The Drive to Explore the Universe (36:55) NASA's Evolution (39:17) Inside Astroforge (42:53) The Complexity of Space Engineering (44:25) Data Centers in Space (47:30) The Limitations of AI in Space Engineering

Why Engineering Discipline Matters More Than Quantum Computing Hype

Quantum computers could change medicine, material science and AI. Unfortunately, it's impossible to know how because the industry is buried under hype. In today’s show, Dr. Bob Sutor takes us on a masterclass through the hype and conflicting headlines to the reality of quantum technology today. By the end of the show you’ll know what’s fact and fiction, where the industry is heading and how to protect yourself from AI slop masquerading as insight. We also learn about: Why “quantum supremacy” and “quantum advantage” claims should be treated carefully Why quantum computing is still in its prehistory How engineering discipline is changing the field What IBM and Cleveland Clinic’s protein simulation work shows about quantum chemistry Why money, sovereignty and technology are driving the quantum industry How governments are funding quantum computing in the United States, France, the UK, Finland and elsewhere What China may be doing in quantum computing Which industries are doing serious quantum research Why there are many quantum hardware approaches and no clear winner yet Whether helium-3 supply matters for quantum computing Bob also explains why quantum computers will be useful for specific classes of difficult problems where classical computers struggle, especially once systems become larger, more reliable and fault tolerant. The conversation ends with practical advice on separating the quantum noise from the Thinking On Paper signal. Please enjoy the show. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping your life. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🫵 Choose your own technology adventure 📺 Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube 🎧 Remember Steve Jobs on APPLE: 📺 Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram (00:00) AI Quantum Slop (00:40) Welcome To The Show (06:04) When Quantum Computers Finally Become Useful (10:13) Why Governments Are Throwing Money at Quantum (15:53) Is China Ahead in Quantum? (18:48) Where Quantum Might Actually Matter (27:11) Can Quantum Help Fix Climate Change? (28:35) Why Battery Companies Care About Quantum (30:31) Why Quantum Doesn’t Belong in the IT Department (31:53) Who’s Doing the Real Work in Quantum? (32:40) Why Quantum Companies Need Real Customers (38:19) The Funding Problem Behind Quantum Progress (45:22) Does Quantum Computing Need Helium-3? (48:01) Will We Need a Quantum Computer Matchmaker? (50:38) How to Spot Quantum Hype Before You Share It

Goodbye Google: AI & Generative Engine Optimization Is Here

Most companies, and most people, still think about Google when they think about search. They’re still spending heavily to rank there and paying for the ads around it. But more people are asking ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini what to buy, read, use or trust. SEO isn’t disappearing. It’s evolving into GEO. Awad Sayeed, co-founder and CTO of Parsnipp AI, joins Thinking on Paper to explain generative engine optimisation, or GEO, and how companies can become more visible inside ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and other AI answer engines. Traditional SEO focuses on keywords, backlinks and rankings. GEO is more dependent on context: who the user is, what they’ve already asked, what they’re trying to achieve and how an AI system retrieves and combines information. In this episode, we discuss: How generative engine optimisation differs from SEO Why context matters more than keywords in AI search How ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini use information differently What persona-based agents reveal about brand visibility How structured data helps AI systems understand websites Why comparison pages and clear product information matter What black-hat GEO could look like How AI-generated content could pollute the internet Whether brands should create separate experiences for humans and AI agents How advertising may develop inside AI assistants Awad argues that GEO doesn’t replace SEO. Strong websites, useful content and clear structure still matter. But companies now need to think about whether AI systems can retrieve, interpret and recommend their information in the right context. And as this is Thinking On Paper, we ask about the human impact, the wider change in the structure of the internet, trust, data and consumerism. Please enjoy the show. -- 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🫵 Choose your own technology adventure 📺 Watch our beautiful faces on YouTube 🎧 Remember Steve Jobs on APPLE 📺 Get clips and exclusive videos on Instagram -- Chapters (00:00) Introduction to Generative Engine Optimization (03:36) Understanding Persona-Based Agents (06:23) The Transition from SEO to GEO (09:06) Context in LLMs and GEO (11:41) Black Hat Strategies in GEO (14:22) The Future of the Internet (16:58) Advertising in the Age of GEO (19:37) The Impact of GEO (28:22) The Evolution of AI Models (29:03) Integrating AI into Business Strategies (29:52) Agents vs. Humans (32:10) The Future of SEO and GEO (34:08) Tools for Visibility and Analytics in AI (36:00) Customer-Driven Development (39:23) The Role of Storytelling in GEO (42:04) Model Transparency and the Future of AI

How to Scale a UK Tech Startup

The UK produces world-class technology and is home to exceptional tech entrepreneurs. All too often it watches them scale in America. Rory Daniels, Head of Emerging Technology and Innovation at techUK, joins Thinking on Paper to discuss whether the United Kingdom can remain competitive as quantum computing, robotics, photonics, AI and advanced computing begin to converge. The UK has strong research institutions, deep technical talent and globally significant companies. Its recurring problem is scale. Promising technologies are often developed in British universities and laboratories, then commercialised or funded elsewhere. In this episode, we discuss: What makes the UK robotics industry different from the US and China Why British companies often focus on specialised robots for nuclear sites, wind turbines and industrial environments How autonomous driving companies such as Wayve combine AI, sensors and connectivity Whether robotaxis can coexist with London’s black-cab industry Why UK technology companies struggle to scale after the startup stage How access to long-term capital affects quantum, robotics and semiconductor companies The role of universities, technology-transfer offices and regional innovation clusters What is happening in Coventry, Edinburgh, Milton Keynes, Barnsley and other UK technology centres How digital twins and simulation are used to train robots and autonomous vehicles Why photonics matters for quantum computing How quantum, photonic, neuromorphic and biological computing could converge Whether AI can develop the judgement and wisdom required to solve complex technical problems How techUK connects companies, researchers and policymakers Why public trust and adoption matter as much as technical performance Rory argues that the UK’s advantage may not lie in dominating a single technology. It may come from combining existing strengths in AI, chip design, robotics, quantum computing, photonics and connectivity. The conversation examines what government, industry, universities and investors must do if the UK is to convert strong research into companies that can scale globally without leaving the country. Please enjoy the show. Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping the future. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🎧Get Up Close On YouTube 🎧 Remember Steve jobs on APPLE 📺 Get the clips and outtakes on Instagram -- Chapters (00:00) The UK Technology Landscape (03:14) Robotics: A UK Perspective (05:54) Autonomous Vehicles in the UK (08:39) The UK's Innovation Ecosystem (11:05) Challenges and Opportunities for UK Tech Entrepreneurs (13:27) Regional Innovation and Government Initiatives (16:33) The Role of Universities in Tech Development (19:15) Barnsley: A Blueprint for Tech Towns (21:53) Government Initiatives in Robotics (24:20) Digital Twins and the Future of Robotics (27:12) Quantum Computing and Photonics in the UK (29:24) The Role of Education in Emerging Technologies (30:55) AI and Human Wisdom: A Complex Relationship (38:02) Neuromorphic Computing: The Future of AI (38:23) Convergence of Technologies: Opportunities for the UK (42:42) The Human Element in Technology Adoption

AI Is Automating Engineers Out Of A Job

The Vij brothers join Thinking on Paper to discuss Neo, an autonomous machine learning engineer designed to automate parts of the AI development process. As demand for AI systems grows, companies and governments are competing for a limited pool of experienced machine learning engineers. The challenge isn’t only access to data or computing power. Many organisations also lack the technical expertise required to build, test and deploy effective models. Neo uses a multi-agent system to perform tasks normally handled by machine learning engineers, including analysing datasets, selecting modelling approaches, running experiments and evaluating results. The aim is to automate repetitive technical work while allowing human engineers to concentrate on higher-level decisions and more creative problems. In this episode, we discuss: What an autonomous machine learning engineer is How Neo’s multi-agent AI system works Why skilled machine learning engineers are in such high demand Which parts of AI development can be automated How autonomous agents compare with traditional machine learning workflows Why Kaggle Grandmasters are considered leading practitioners in applied machine learning Whether AI agents can match expert human performance How automation could affect machine learning jobs and salaries The evolution of GPUs from graphics hardware to AI infrastructure What the Vij brothers learned from working at CERN How autonomous AI systems could change business, creativity and technical work Neo is intended to expand access to machine learning expertise rather than simply generate code. Its development raises a wider question: what happens when AI systems can perform the specialised work required to build other AI systems? This conversation examines the technical capabilities of autonomous machine learning agents, the shortage of experienced AI talent and how automation could reshape the role of engineers -- Timestamps (00:00) Why Are There So Few Machine Learning Engineers?(01:54) Meet Gaurav Vij and Saurabh Vij(02:57) Lessons Learned from Working at CERN(04:45) How to Explain The Importance Of A.I. to Your Parents(07:24) The World’s First Autonomous Machine Learning Engineer: What AI Problem Does NEO Solve?(08:17) AI Competitions and Kaggle Grandmasters(11:06) How Many A.I./ML Engineers Do We Need?(17:30) Fixing The A.I. Hallucination Problem(18:09) Hot Buttons: 5 AI Questions In 30 Seconds(18:46) Hollywood: Doomed by A.I, or Reborn?(20:26) AI News: Nvidia Digits Explained(21:51) Moore's Law And Could AI Models Be Motivated by Rewards?(25:42) AI And Quantum Computing(29:45) The Thinking on Paper Carry-Over Question(30:16) After Hours: Backstage Extra -- Check out NEO: https://heyneo.so/Learn more about the show: www.thinkingonpaper.xyzFollow Thinking On Paper On Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thinkingonpaperpodcast/

NASA Is Building A Moon Base. And That's Just The Start

We read NASA’s Moon Base User’s Guide and ask what it would take to establish a sustained human presence on the Moon. A permanent lunar base requires far more than rockets, landers and astronauts. NASA and its partners would need to build an integrated infrastructure system covering power generation, communications, navigation, habitats, transportation, logistics, robotics and resource extraction. In this episode, we discuss: How NASA plans to build a permanent Moon base Why reliable power is essential for long-term lunar operations Whether nuclear power will be required on the Moon How astronauts, vehicles and robots would communicate and navigate What lunar habitats need to protect crews from radiation and extreme temperatures How autonomous robots could prepare sites and maintain infrastructure Why lunar dust creates serious engineering problems How equipment from different companies and countries could work together Whether water, oxygen and construction materials can be extracted from lunar resources What infrastructure must exist before humans can live and work on the Moon continuously The discussion also examines the gap between NASA’s long-term ambitions and the systems currently available. Many of the technologies exist individually, but they haven’t yet been combined into a reliable, scalable lunar operating environment. This episode asks whether a permanent Moon base is a realistic extension of human spaceflight or a programme whose infrastructure requirements remain badly underestimated. -- Chapters 00:00 Executive Summary and Vision 01:17 Phased Approach to Moon Base Development 07:21 Challenges of Lunar Environment 09:06 Interoperability and Coordination in Space 15:13 Economic Incentives and Future of Space Development 17:03 Identifying Gaps in Space Technology 20:23 Functional Gaps and Their Implications 24:01 Dust Challenges and Solutions 29:10 The Moon as a Launchpad for Mars 31:08 Human Factors in Lunar Missions -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping the future. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🎧 Take us with you on YouTube 🎧 Remember steve jobs on APPLE 📺 Get the clips and outtakes on Instagram

Space-Based Solar Power Starts With Wireless Power on Earth

Sanjay Vijendran of TerraSpark joins Thinking on Paper to explain how space-based solar power could become a practical source of clean energy. TerraSpark is developing wireless power-transmission systems that could eventually collect solar energy in orbit and beam it to receivers on Earth. The company plans to demonstrate the concept by powering a live music event in Portugal and by testing radio-frequency power transfer aboard Dcube’s Arrakis mission. In this episode, we discuss: How space-based solar power works How energy can be transmitted wirelessly TerraSpark’s plan to power a concert in Portugal What its in-orbit power-beaming experiment will test The differences between radio-frequency and laser power transmission How near-infrared power beaming works How much energy is lost during wireless transmission Whether orbital data centres could use the same infrastructure How space-based solar could improve energy security Why spectrum regulation and interference testing matter What investors and regulators need to see before the technology can scale Sanjay explains the engineering, regulatory and commercial challenges behind power beaming, including transmission efficiency, safety, spectrum allocation and the cost of placing energy infrastructure in orbit. This conversation examines whether space-based solar power can move beyond demonstration projects and become a credible alternative to terrestrial energy generation and fossil fuels. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping the future. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🎧Be With Us On YouTube 🎧 Remember steve jobs on APPLE 📺 Get the clips and outtakes on Instagram -- Chapters (00:00) Introduction to Space-Based Solar Power (01:37) Market Trends and Projections (03:52) Energy Crisis and Global Dependencies (06:26) The Threat to Power Structures (07:39) Innovative Demonstrations of Wireless Power (10:31) Future Plans and Space Missions (20:41) Scaling Power Transmission from Space (22:35) Technologies for Space-Based Solar Power (31:22) Governance and Regulation of Space-Based Solar Power (49:57) The Future of Space-Based Solar Power

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The Lithium Batteries We Need Are Getting Harder To Recycle

Jennifer Dunn, professor of chemical engineering at Northwestern University, joins Thinking on Paper to explain how lithium and copper mining affect water, ecosystems, local communities and the wider energy transition. Lithium and copper are essential to electric vehicles, grid storage, renewable energy, drones and data centres. But the environmental consequences of extracting these minerals vary sharply depending on the mine, location, technology and supply chain. Life cycle assessment offers a way to compare those impacts across different forms of production, from lithium brines and hard-rock mining to copper extraction, refining and recycling. In this episode, we discuss: The environmental impact of lithium mining How lithium brine mining compares with hard-rock lithium mining Why copper demand is rising How mining affects water use and local water stress The risks of pollution, biodiversity loss and mining waste How life cycle assessment compares mines and supply chains Why local conditions matter more than global averages The role of mine permitting in the energy transition Whether recycling can reduce demand for new mining How battery supply chains shift environmental costs between regions What responsible critical-mineral production should look like Jennifer explains why no single measure can capture the full impact of a mine. Carbon emissions matter, but so do water availability, land use, waste, local ecology and the distribution of costs and benefits. This conversation examines whether clean energy can scale without transferring environmental harm from fossil-fuel systems to the communities that supply lithium, copper and other critical minerals. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping the future. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🎧 Take us with you on Spotify 🎧 Remember steve jobs on APPLE 📺 Get the clips and outtakes on Instagram -- Chapters (00:00) Disruptors & Curious Minds (02:10) The Demand for Copper and Lithium (02:57) Environmental Impact of Mining (05:59) Water Consumption and Mining Methods (08:30) Community Concerns and Local Impact (11:29) Recycling and Wastewater Mining (14:04) Life Cycle Assessments in Mining (27:06) Understanding Emissions in Mining (29:45) Life Cycle Assessment: A Comparative Approach (34:05) Stakeholder Perspectives on Mining Impacts (37:42) Technology and Transparency in Mining (42:42) Consumer Awareness and Ethical Sourcing (48:55) Challenges in Quantifying Social Impacts

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Humans Will Just Slow Down The AI-Run Economy

Anders Sandberg examines whether artificial general intelligence could manage the global economy more effectively than human institutions. A sufficiently capable AI system might coordinate markets, allocate resources, interpret legal rules and respond to complex global problems faster than governments or companies. Greater efficiency, however, wouldn’t necessarily mean greater freedom. In this short excerpt from a longer Thinking on Paper conversation, Anders discusses: Whether AGI could manage the global economy How superintelligence might improve global coordination Why markets and legal systems are difficult to optimise Whether AI could make better decisions than human institutions How highly efficient systems could concentrate power The challenge of keeping advanced AI under human control How evolutionary pressures could shape competing software systems Whether humans could become wealthier while losing political agency What role people would retain in an AI-managed economy The central question isn’t simply whether AGI could run economic systems better. It’s whether humans would still control the goals, rules and trade-offs behind those systems. This is a short from a much longer conversation with Anders Sandberg about superintelligence, governance and the future of human decision-making. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, quantum, space and their impacts on society, business and culture. It's very good. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🎧 Watch on YouTube 🎧 Remember Steve Jobs on APPLE 📺 Get the clips and outtakes on Instagram

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Lunar Landing Becomes Harder as the Moon Gets Busier │ Philip Metzger

NASA scientist Philip Metzger joins Thinking on Paper to explain why Moon dust and rocket exhaust create a major engineering problem for future lunar missions. When a spacecraft lands on the Moon, its engines can accelerate dust and rocks across the surface at high speed. That material can damage nearby equipment, including solar panels, telescopes, antennas, sensors and thermal-control systems. The problem becomes more serious as NASA, SpaceX and other organisations plan larger landers, permanent bases and more frequent missions. Every landing could threaten infrastructure already operating on the lunar surface. In this episode, we discuss: Why lunar landers throw dust and debris across the Moon How rocket exhaust interacts with lunar soil Why larger spacecraft such as Starship increase the risk How Moon dust can damage solar panels, antennas and scientific instruments What this means for NASA’s Artemis programme Why future lunar bases may require dedicated landing pads How far spacecraft should land from existing equipment Whether lunar infrastructure needs exclusion zones How landing rules could affect Moon governance What engineers still don’t know about repeated lunar landings Philip explains why lunar dust isn’t a minor operational inconvenience. It’s a systems-level problem that affects spacecraft design, base planning, scientific equipment and the rules governing activity on the Moon. This conversation examines one of the least visible challenges facing lunar exploration: how to land safely without damaging the infrastructure needed to remain there. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping the future. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack: https://thinkingonpaperpodcast.substack.com/ 🎧 Take us with you on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/00volKqMsQntToeho35W47 🎧 Remember steve jobs on APPLE: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/thinking-on-paper/id1713227258 📺 Get the clips and outtakes on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/toptechpodcast/

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The Business (And Politics) Of Space │ Matthew Weinzierl and Brendan Rosseau

Matthew Weinzierl and Brendan Rosseau, authors of Space to Grow, explain the commercial space economy and the role of NASA, Artemis and commercial space stations. From space-based data centers, Starlink and GPS to China’s space program, national security, and space governance, we get into the economics, politics and human story of space.The conversation covers how governments, private companies, and investors build, fund, regulate, and compete in space. From microgravity research and launch markets to lunar exploration, space resources, and the economics of commercial space, we explore it all.We also try and re-write the Space Treaty and look at the politics of the space race. Please enjoy the show. -- Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, Space, quantum computing, science, and the systems shaping the future. Connect with us. 🏠 Buy us a beer on Substack 🎧 Watch us compete with Lex Fridman on YouTube 🎧 Remember Steve Jobs and listen on APPLE 📺 Watch the clips and shorts on Instagram Watch a random video from Rick Beato. Because we love him. -- Chapters (00:00) Government and Markets in Space (03:35) Microgravity (07:43) Economic Incentives (12:14) Political Cycles in Space Policy (17:09) International Collaboration (18:45) National Security in Space (21:36) Space Exploration (24:27) The Importance Of GPS (28:49) Space Investment (30:37) Space-Based Data Centers (33:40) Space Resources (38:26) Governance in Space (40:55) A New Space Treaty

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More Qubits Won't Automatically Make Quantum Computers Useful │ IBM

Scott Crowder, Vice President of IBM Quantum Adoption, joins Thinking on Paper to explain IBM’s approach to quantum-centric supercomputing. Rather than replacing classical computers, IBM expects quantum processors to work alongside CPUs, GPUs and high-performance computing systems. Each type of hardware handles the parts of a problem it’s best suited to solve. In this episode, we discuss: What quantum-centric supercomputing means How quantum processors, GPUs, CPUs and HPC systems work together IBM’s roadmap towards fault-tolerant quantum computing What IBM Starling is designed to achieve by 2029 How superconducting qubits work Why quantum error correction is essential The role of Qiskit and open-source quantum software Which quantum algorithms could deliver practical value How quantum computing could support chemistry and materials research IBM and Cleveland Clinic’s work on protein simulation IBM’s collaboration with RIKEN How Nvidia GPUs fit into hybrid quantum systems Why accessibility and real-world adoption matter as much as hardware progress Scott explains why useful quantum computing will depend on more than increasing qubit counts. It will require reliable hardware, error correction, strong software tools, integration with existing data centres and developers who can apply quantum systems to real problems. This conversation examines IBM’s plan to move quantum computing from experimental hardware towards fault-tolerant systems that can contribute to scientific and industrial computing. - Thinking on Paper is a technology podcast about AI, computing, science, and the systems shaping the future. 🏠 HQ: www.thinkingonpaper.xyz 📺 INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/thinkingonpaperpodcast/ 🎧 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/00volKqMsQntToeho35W47 🎧 APPLE: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/thinking-on-paper-technology-moves-fast-think-slower/id1713227258 -- Mark x: https://x.com/markfielding99 Jeremy: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeremygilbertson/ – Chapters (00:00) Trailer (01:20) Quantum computing (02:40) IBM Reference Architecture (05:05) Superconducting (06:47) Algorithmic Discovery (12:34) Cleveland Clinic (13:44) IBM's quantum-centric supercomputing architecture (16:07) Quantum computers today (17:58) Quantum and classical converge (22:28) Richard Feynman (25:25) Data centers (32:01) Quantum computers in space (42:19) Qiskit, NVIDIA, and open source

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