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Human Conditions

London Review of Books

Adam Shatz talks separately to three guests – Judith Butler, Pankaj Mishra and Brent Hayes Edwards – about some of the most revolutionary thought of the 20th century.

Judith, Pankaj and Brent will each discuss four texts over four episodes, as they uncover the inner life of the 20th century through works that have sought to find freedom in different ways and remake the world around them. They explore, among other things, the development of arguments against racism and colonialism, the experience of artistic expression in oppressive conditions and how language has been used in politically substantive ways.

Authors covered: Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Frantz Fanon, Hannah Arendt, V. S. Naipaul, Ashis Nandy, Doris Lessing, Nadezhda Mandelstam, W. E. B. Du Bois, Aimé Césaire, Amiri Baraka and Audre Lorde.

Human Conditions is part of the Close Readings podcast from the London Review of Books.

To listen to the full episodes, subscribe to Close Readings:

Directly in Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/3pJoFPq

In other podcast apps: lrb.me/closereadings

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#13
Dec 10, 2024 · 13 min
‘Sister Outsider’ by Audre Lorde
In the final episode of Human Conditions, Brent and Adam turn to Audre Lorde’s Sister Outsider, a collection of prose with exceptional relevance to contemporary grassroots politics. Like Du Bois, Césaire and Baraka, Lorde’s work defies genre: as she argues in this collection, ‘poetry is not a luxury’ but an essential tool for liberation. Throughout her work, Lorde sought to find and articulate new ways of living that encompassed her whole self – as a Black woman, poet, essayist, novelist, mother and lesbian. Brent and Adam discuss Lorde’s radical poetics and politics, and the case for poetry, anger, vulnerability, love and desire as the arsenal of revolution. Non-subscribers will only hear an extract from this episode. To listen to the full episode, and all our other Close Readings series, subscribe: Directly in Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/3pJoFPq In other podcast apps: lrb.me/closereadings Brent Hayes Edwards is a scholar of African American and Francophone literature and of jazz studies at Columbia University. Get in touch: podcasts@lrb.co.uk Further reading and listening in the LRB: Reni Eddo-Lodge & Sarah Shin: On Audre Lorde https://www.lrb.co.uk/podcasts-and-videos/podcasts/at-the-bookshop/reni-eddo-lodge-and-sarah-shin-on-audre-lorde-your-silence-will-not-protect-you Jesse McCarthy & Adam Shatz: Blind Spots https://www.lrb.co.uk/podcasts-and-videos/podcasts/the-lrb-podcast/blind-spots Sean Jacobs: Chop-Chop Spirit https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v46/n09/sean-jacobs/chop-chop-spirit Ange Mlinko: Waiting for the Poetry https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v43/n14/ange-mlinko/waiting-for-the-poetry
#12
Nov 10, 2024 · 17 min
‘Black Music’ by Amiri Baraka
In 'Black Music', a collection of essays, liner notes and interviews from 1959 to 1967, Amiri Baraka captures the ferment, energy and excitement of the avant-garde jazz scene. Published while he still went by LeRoi Jones, it provides a composite picture of Baraka’s evolving thought, aesthetic values and literary experimentation. In this episode, Brent and Adam discuss the ways in which Baraka tackled the challenge of writing about music and his intimate connections to the major players in jazz. Whether you’re familiar with the music or totally new to the New Thing, 'Black Music' is an essential guide to a period of political and artistic upheaval. Non-subscribers will only hear an extract from this episode. To listen to the full episode, and all our other Close Readings series, subscribe: Subscribe to Close Readings: Directly in Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/3pJoFPq In other podcast apps: lrb.me/closereadings Brent Hayes Edwards is a scholar of African American and Francophone literature and of jazz studies at Columbia University. Get in touch: podcasts@lrb.co.uk Further reading in the LRB: Adam Shatz: The Freedom Principle https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2014/may/the-freedom-principle Adam Shatz: On Ornette Coleman https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v37/n14/adam-shatz/diary Philip Clark: On Cecil Taylor https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2018/april/cecil-taylor-1929-2018 Ian Penman: Birditis https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v36/n02/ian-penman/birditis Ian Penman: Birditis https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v36/n02/ian-penman/birditis Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
#11
Oct 10, 2024 · 13 min
‘Discourse on Colonialism’ by Aimé Césaire
Brent Hayes Edwards talks to Adam about Aimé Césaire's 1950 essay Discourse on Colonialism, a groundbreaking work of 20th-century anti-colonial thought and a precursor to the writings of Césaire's protégé, Frantz Fanon. Césaire was Martinique’s most influential poet and one of its most prominent politicians as a deputy in the French National Assembly, and his Discourse is addressed directly at his country’s colonisers. Adam and Brent consider Césaire’s poetry alongside his political arguments and the particular characteristics of his version of négritude, the far-reaching movement of black consciousness he founded with Léopold Sédar Senghor and Léon Damas. Non-subscribers will only hear an extract from this episode. To listen to the full episode, and all our other Close Readings series, subscribe: Subscribe to Close Readings: Directly in Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/3pJoFPq In other podcast apps: lrb.me/closereadings Further reading and listening: Musab Younis: The Mouth of Calamities https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v46/n23/musab-younis/the-mouth-of-calamities Musab Younis: Against Independence https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v39/n13/musab-younis/against-independence Brent Hayes Edwards: Inside the Barrel https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v31/n17/brent-hayes-edwards/inside-the-barrel John Berger & David Constantine: Aimé Césaire’s Return to My Native Land https://lrb.me/bergercesaire Brent Hayes Edwards is a scholar of African American and Francophone literature and of jazz studies at Columbia University. Get in touch: podcasts@lrb.co.uk Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
#10
Sep 10, 2024 · 13 min
‘The Souls of Black Folk’ by W.E.B. Du Bois
Brent Hayes Edwards and Adam discuss the ‘ur-text of Black political philosophy’, W.E.B. Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk. Spanning autobiography, history, biography, fiction, music criticism and political science, its fourteen essays set the tone for Black literature, political debate and scholarly production for the course of the 20th century. Souls was an immediate bestseller, the subject of furious debate and a foundational work in the new field of sociol
#9
Aug 10, 2024 · 14 min
‘Hope against Hope’ by Nadezhda Mandelstam
After reciting an unflattering poem about Stalin to a small group of friends, Osip Mandelstam was betrayed to the police and endured five years in exile before dying in transit to the gulag. His wife, Nadezhda, spent the rest of her life dodging arrest, advocating for Osip’s work and writing what came to be known as Hope against Hope. Hope against Hope is a testimony of life under Stalin, and of the ways in which ordinary peo
#8
Jul 10, 2024 · 12 min
‘The Golden Notebook’ by Doris Lessing
Pankaj Mishra joins Adam Shatz to discuss The Golden Notebook, Doris Lessing’s formally brilliant and startlingly frank 1962 novel. In her portrait of ‘free women’ – unmarried, creatively ambitious, politically engaged – Lessing wrestles with the breakdown of Stalinism, settler colonialism and traditional gender roles. Pankaj and Adam explore the lived experiences that shaped the novel, its feminist reception and why Pankaj considers it to be one of the best representations of ‘
#7
Jun 10, 2024 · 13 min
‘The Intimate Enemy’ by Ashis Nandy
Ashis Nandy’s The Intimate Enemy is a study of the psychological toll of colonialism on both the coloniser and colonised, showing how Western conceptions of masculinity and adulthood served as tools of conquest. Using figures as disparate as Gandhi, Oscar Wilde and Aurobindo Ghosh, Nandy suggests ways in which alternative models of age and gender can provide compelling challenges to colonial authority. Pankaj Mishra joins Adam to unpack Nandy’s subtle and unexpected lines of thought and to ex
#6
May 10, 2024 · 10 min
‘A House for Mr Biswas’ by V.S. Naipaul
In A House for Mr Biswas, his 1961 comic masterpiece, V.S. Naipaul pays tribute to his father and the vanishing world of his Trinidadian youth. Pankaj Mishra joins Adam Shatz in their first of four episodes to discuss the novel, a pathbreaking work of postcolonial literature and a particularly powerful influence on Pankaj himself. They explore Naipaul’s fraught relationship to modernity, and the tensions between his attachment to individual freedom
#5
Apr 10, 2024 · 11 min
‘The Human Condition’ by Hannah Arendt
In the fourth episode of Human Conditions, the last of the series with Judith Butler, we fittingly turn to The Human Condition (1956). Hannah Arendt defines action as the highest form of human activity: distinct from work and labour, action includes collaborative expression, collective decision-making and, crucially, initiating change. Focusing on the chapter on action, Judith joins Adam to explain why they consider this approach so innovative and incisive. Together, they discus
#4
Mar 10, 2024 · 12 min
‘Black Skin, White Masks’ by Frantz Fanon
Begun as a psychiatric dissertation, Frantz Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks (1952) became a genre-shattering study of antiblack racism and its effect on the psyche. At turns expressionistic, confessional, clinical, sharply satirical and politically charged, the book is dazzlingly multivocal, sometimes self-contradictory but always compelling. Judith Butler and Adam Shatz, whose biography of Fanon was released in January, chart a course through some of the most explosive and
#3
Feb 10, 2024 · 11 min
'The Second Sex' by Simone de Beauvoir
Judith Butler joins Adam Shatz to discuss a landmark in feminist thought, Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex (1949). Dazzling in its scope, The Second Sex incorporates anthropology, psychology, historiography, mythology and biology to ask an ‘impossible’ question: what is a woman? Focusing on three key chapters, Adam and Judith navigate this dense and dizzying book, exploring the nuances of Beauvoir’s original French phrasing and drawing on Judith’s own exper
#2
Jan 10, 2024 · 10 min
'Anti-Semite and Jew' by Jean-Paul Sartre
Judith Butler joins Adam Shatz for the first episode of Human Conditions to look at Jean-Paul Sartre’s 1946 book Anti-Semite and Jew, originally published in French as Réflexions Sur La Question Juive. Sartre’s ‘portraits’ of the ‘anti-Semite’ and the ‘Jew’, as he saw them, caused controversy at the time for directly confronting anti-Jewish bigotry in France and how Jewish people had been treated under the Vichy government and before the war. Judith and Adam discuss Sartre’s attempt to develop a philosophical understanding of this kind of hatred and the apparent moral satisfaction it brings, and his contentious suggestion that not only does the antisemite owe his identity to the Jew, but that 'the Jew' is a creation of the antisemitic gaze. They also consider some of the criticisms levelled at the book, such as its focus on the bourgeois personality, and Sartre’s definition of Jews in entirely negative terms. NOTE: This episode was recorded on 5 October 2023. Non-subscribers will only hear an extract from the rest of the episodes in this series. To listen in full, and to all our other Close Readings series, sign up: Directly in Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/3pJoFPq In other podcast apps: lrb.me/closereadings Read more in the LRB: Adam Shatz: Sartre in Cairo https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v40/n22/adam-shatz/one-day-i-ll-tell-you-what-i-think Jonathan Rée: Being and Nothingness https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v41/n08/jonathan-ree/peas-in-a-matchbox Pierre Bourdieu: Sartre https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v02/n22/pierre-bourdieu/sartre Julian Barnes: Sartre's Flaubert https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v04/n10/julian-barnes/double-bind Judith Butler is Distinguished Professor in the Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley, and Adam Shatz is the the LRB's US editor and author of, most recently, The Rebel's Clinic: The Revolutionary Lives of Frantz Fanon. Get in touch: podcasts@lrb.co.uk Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
#1
Jan 1, 2024 · 24 min
Introducing Human Conditions
In the second of three introductions to our full Close Readings programme for 2024, Adam Shatz presents his series, Human Conditions, in which he’ll be talking separately to three guests – Judith Butler, Pankaj Mishra and Brent Hayes Edwards – about some of the most revolutionary thought of the 20th century. Judith, Pankaj and Brent will each discuss four texts over four episodes, as they uncover the inner life of the 20th century through works that

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