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Explain to Shane

AEI Podcasts

Technology has become increasingly important to policy debates, but these debates won’t be productive without an understanding of how the technology in question works. AEI Visiting Fellow Shane Tews interviews tech industry experts to explain how the apps, services, and structures of today's information technology systems work, and how they shape our social and economic life.

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#149
Thursday · 49 min
Data-Driven Decisions in the Courtroom (with Benjamin Alarie)
Artificial intelligence is transforming the legal and tax sectors of business. However, neither the legal nor the tax establishments may be ready for what’s coming. There's a real tension here. On one side, lawyers are using AI to draft filings and manage their work, and some firms are building their own AI systems. On the other hand, the legal world remains slow to adopt this new tool. What does that look like in practice? Would more consistent, data-driven outcomes make justice fairer, or merely more uniform? And when an AI system contributes to a legal decision, who is accountable if it gets something wrong? To discuss this and more, Benjamin Alarie joins Shane. Benjamin is a leading voice in this debate and the coauthor, with Samuel Becher, of a new book, Superjustice: Law in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. He originated the concept of the “legal singularity,” the idea that advances in artificial intelligence could eventually make the outcomes of legal disputes almost perfectly predictable and perhaps even automate much of the practice of law. Ben is also the cofounder and CEO of Blue J, which uses the latest large language models and a vast database of authoritative tax content to deliver high-quality, source-driven answers to challenging tax questions.
#148
August 13 · 46 min
AI Governance and Open Models: Who Controls the Pace of Innovation? (with Milton Mueller and Thierer)
Employees at several leading AI companies are asking the US government and international bodies to slow the development of frontier models. Doing so would put governments in the position of deciding when new models are safe enough to release. Yet policymakers also warn that the United States must move faster than China and that prerelease reviews could stifle innovation. Are these two goals in tension with one another? Can existing laws and liability rules address AI harms without giving governments control over which models reach the market? And can any international institution realistically govern a technology spread across the entire digital economy? To discuss this, Shane is joined by Milton Mueller and Adam Thierer. Milton is a professor and director of the master of science in cybersecurity program at Georgia Tech University’s Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School of Public Policy. He is also the cofounder and director of the Internet Governance Project at Georgia Tech. Adam is a resident senior fellow with the technology and innovation team at the R Street Institute and a visiting senior fellow at the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression.
#147
July 30 · 49 min
Breakthrough Models and New Cyber Threats (with Evan Swarztrauber)
Until recently, concerns about AI agents conducting autonomous cyber operations were largely theoretical. The OpenAI–Hugging Face incident in July changed that, while Anthropic’s Mythos exposed software vulnerabilities buried for decades. Together, these incidents have forced policymakers to reconsider how governments and companies prepare for AI-enabled cyber threats. Can the federal government and private sector keep pace with increasingly capable models? Will open-source AI strengthen cyber defenses or make dangerous capabilities harder to contain? And can policymakers encourage companies to share threat information while holding them accountable for insecure systems? Shane joins Evan Swarztrauber in a crossover episode with The Center Edge. Evan is the founder of CorePoint Strategies and a senior fellow at the Digital Progress Institute. He previously served at the Federal Communications Commission as a policy adviser to then-Chairman Ajit Pai and Commissioner Brendan Carr.
#146
July 16 · 28 min
Can Markets Modernize Spectrum? (with Roslyn Layton)
Americans rely on wireless connections for nearly every part of modern life, and demand for the airwaves that make those connections possible is only growing. But much of the nation’s spectrum remains accessible by federal agencies under a system approaching its 100th anniversary. How can the United States free up more spectrum for commercial use? Can the military rely more heavily on commercial networks without compromising national security? And could market-based incentives help federal agencies use this valuable resource more efficiently? To discuss this, Shane is joined by Roslyn Layton, executive vice president at Strand Consult. She is also a digital policy fellow at Michigan State University’s Quello Center and a senior fellow at the National Security Institute at George Mason University’s Antonin Scalia Law School. She previously served as a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and on the president-elect’s transition team for the Federal Communications Commission.
#145
July 2 · 47 min
Frontier AI and the Cybersecurity Challenges (with Kevin Frazier)
New frontier AI models are changing the cybersecurity landscape. As advanced systems become more capable of finding and exploiting software vulnerabilities, the federal government is trying to determine how to protect critical infrastructure and maintain national security. The administration’s June executive order on AI and cybersecurity offers one answer, but it also raises several harder questions. Can the government keep up with rapidly developing models? If officials want to review every model before release, is that process really voluntary? And how can policymakers keep American networks safe without sacrificing innovation? To unpack what comes next, Shane is joined by Kevin Frazier in a crossover episode with Scaling Laws. Kevin is the director of the AI Innovation and Law Program at the University of Texas at Austin School of Law and a senior fellow at the Abundance Institute. He has testified before Congress on artificial intelligence and emerging technology issues and is a regular contributor to Lawfare.
#144
May 28 · 29 min
Congressional Use of Artificial Intelligence (with Aubrey Wilson)
Artificial intelligence is being integrated into nearly every industry, but how is Congress using AI? As policymakers and their staff work to serve their constituents, can AI be used as a tool to modernize legislative operations, better equip staff, and strengthen our democratic processes? Congress has a unique opportunity to embrace this emerging technology, and failing to do so may leave it behind. To discuss this, Shane is joined by Aubrey Wilson, managing director of POPVOX Foundation. She has extensive experience on Capitol Hill as a former House legislative assistant, legislative correspondent, and deputy staff director for the Committee on House Administration in the 118th Congress. She was also a member of the R Street Institute’s governance policy and federal affairs team. Her work on the Hill and in academia provides a creative foundation for discussing how Congress is using AI.
#143
May 14 · 56 min
Unlocking the Airwaves: Spectrum Allocation and Regulation (with Thomas Hazlett)
There is an invisible resource that powers our smartphones and connects our devices: spectrum airwaves. But regulations governing these airwaves were set decades ago, long before the age of smartphones and autonomous vehicles. With technology changing at a rapid pace, are these regulations for this finite resource outdated? What is the growing importance of airwave spectrum in an economy that is increasingly wireless? And what does a property-rights regime for spectrum look like in practice? Shane is joined by Professor Thomas Hazlett, author of the best-selling book The Political Spectrum: The Tumultuous Liberation of Wireless Technology, from Herbert Hoover to the Smartphone (2017) and a leading voice in telecommunications, media, and the internet. He is currently the H. H. Macaulay Endowed Professor of Economics and director of the Information Economy Project at Clemson University. He previously served as chief economist at the Federal Communications Commission. His extensive knowledge makes for an excellent conversation.
#142
April 23 · 39 min
Trust and Safety in a Fragmented Digital World (with David Sullivan and Farzaneh Badiei)
Information technology and digital services are a rapidly changing sector operating in an increasingly complex regulatory environment. International bodies have struggled to fast-track standards for the digital services industry, and major companies have adopted their own. These trends risk creating a more fragmented world in which digital trust and safety suffer. To protect universal human rights, companies and governments need to speak the same language to identify industry best practices. The question remains: Which international bodies and frameworks are best equipped to address these challenges? Joining Shane are two experts working on the Digital Trust and Safety Partnership, David Sullivan and Farzaneh Badiei. The Digital Trust and Safety Partnership is an industry consortium focused on delivering best practices for protecting human rights in digital services. David Sullivan is the executive director of the partnership and previously served as the co-chair of the Digital Safety Risk Assessment Framework at the World Economic Forum’s Global Coalition for Digital Safety. Farzaneh Badiei is head of outreach and engagement at the partnership and is the founder of Digital Medusa, an organization that promotes sound digital governance.
#141
April 9 · 45 min
Moving the Economy On-Chain (with Marc Boiron and Nicoletta Kolpakov)
As the digitization of the economy accelerates, the friction points facing the adoption of cryptocurrency are becoming more evident. The benefits of on-ramping to stablecoin are obvious: faster and more efficient money exchanges and improved cross-border transfers. Complicating adoption, however, are the challenges regulators face in assessing the risks associated with blockchain and defining the technology. Add to that the weight of an antiquated banking system and earning the public’s trust regarding their financial security. Ultimately, how do we best position ourselves to harness the benefits of crypto? And how do we make stablecoin accessible to everyone, not just tech-forward corporations? For this episode, Shane is joined by Polygon Labs CEO Marc Boiron. At Polygon, Boiron works with all aspects of the organization to scale out the company’s Open Money Stack and integrated services. Boiron is uniquely suited to answer these questions, having previously served as Polygon’s chief legal officer and understanding what policies it takes to move the economy on-chain. His background in both law and business positions him well to tackle the world of blockchain. Also joining the conversation is Nicoletta Kolpakov. She is the director of the Cirrus Institute, where she leads research and policy analysis in blockchain, digital finance, and AI.
#140
March 26 · 27 min
Has the Cloud Gone Global? (with Michael Greenwald)
National security is becoming inextricably linked with cloud computing and AI—and this year’s Munich Security Conference solidified that fact. International statesmen met with technology leaders to discuss cloud infrastructure resilience, AI and automated defense systems, and the evolving dynamic between digital sovereignty and interoperability. But how will defense institutions balance the pressure to automate quickly without outrunning the workforce’s ability to trust the systems they depend on? And what developments in AI aren’t getting nearly enough attention from defense and policy leaders? Shane interviews Michael Greenwald, Director of Global Executive Relations at Amazon Web Services. Michael Greenwald joins us to discuss Munich, global defense alliances, and how AWS’s unique sovereign-by-design architecture powers innovation is secure, scalable AI and Cloud infrastructure. His previous experience as the US Treasury Department’s financial attaché to Qatar and Kuwait, paired with his deep understanding of technology systems, makes him an ideal guest to discuss the future of national security and automation.
#139
March 12 · 48 min
Data Centers and Power Grids: The Battle for AI Infrastructure (with Lynne Kiesling and Steve DelBianco)
As artificial intelligence becomes a key part of national infrastructure, developers across the United States are rushing to build large data centers in many regions. Many of these areas haven’t seen this level of industrial growth in decades, and these projects appear to bring the promise of jobs and economic growth to communities that need it. Despite the potential for renewed prosperity, local residents are opposing data centers. Most cite environmental impacts and increasing energy costs as major concerns. Are these worries based in reality? If not, where are they originating from, and how can we address these narratives? To discuss this, I am joined by Lynne Kiesling and Steve DelBianco. Lynne is a nonresident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, where she leads the Electricity Technology, Regulation, and Market Design Working Group. She also directs the Institute for Regulatory Law and Economics at the Northwestern University Center on Law, Business, and Economics, and is a member of the US Department of Energy’s Electricity Advisory Committee. Steve is the president and CEO of NetChoice, where he collaborates with its members to protect online free enterprise and free expression. He is a seasoned expert on internet governance.
#138
February 26 · 29 min
GPS, the Invisible Foundation of Modern Infrastructure, Needs an Update (with Dana A. Goward and Jeff Hathaway)
The GPS is essential to modern navigation, communication, and critical infrastructure. However, the United States faces serious threats to GPS technology, many of which are rarely discussed publicly. In addition to the looming threat from Russian and Chinese weaponry, increasing orbital debris and severe space weather have the potential to damage or destroy American satellites, causing a complete collapse of our navigational systems. A sustained disruption could significantly impair navigation, timing, and communications systems nationwide. America has more satellites than any other country, and our economy depends heavily on space-based positioning, navigation, and timing services. Former members of the National Security Council and outside advisers have called GPS “a single point of failure for America.” To discuss this matter, Shane is joined by two experts in GPS policy. Dana A. Goward is president of the Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation and a former member of the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Advisory Board, which advises the government on GPS policy. He took this role after retiring from service in the Coast Guard and as the United States maritime navigation authority. Also joining Shane is Coast Guard Rear Admiral Jeff Hathaway (ret.), a longtime navigator and board member of the foundation.
#137
February 12 · 17 min
The Future of Drones (with Brian Hinman and John Donovan)
Innovations in drone technology have expanded their usefulness and made drones increasingly present in everyday life. Despite this progress, key limitations such as short battery life and limited payload capacity have hindered their full potential in critical infrastructure. That reality is beginning to shift. Recent breakthroughs in long-endurance flight are pushing drones beyond these limits and into entirely new possibilities. As these advances reshape what drones can do, we must ask: What new possibilities do these breakthroughs unlock? And what might these possibilities mean for our everyday lives? In this episode, Shane is joined by Brian Hinman, the founder and CEO of SiFly, and John Donovan, the CEO of Qudit Investments and a board member at Palo Alto Networks and Lockheed Martin. As leaders of these innovations in drone technology, they draw on their extensive experience in aviation, defense, and technology to help us explore how this next phase of drone development could change the way we think about infrastructure, emergency response, and the future of aviation itself.
#136
January 29 · 35 min
Technology and Vulnerability: How Current Cybersecurity Measures Fall Short (with Greg Oslan)
With the advent of the digital age, individuals rely on countless personal devices, each one expanding their exposure to cybercrime. Missing one or two software updates may seem harmless, but this common negligence leaves us vulnerable to cyberattacks. With the number of individuals falling prey to cybercrime increasing on a yearly basis, we must ask: Why have established cybersecurity measures failed to halt or slow down the activity of cybercriminals? And what can we do to better protect ourselves and others? In this episode, Shane interviews Greg Oslan, chairman and CEO of the National Cybersecurity Center, on how we can do just that. Oslan has previously served as a managing partner at One Strategy Group consulting, CEO of Arturo, and a strategic adviser for the US Department of Homeland Security. His wide-ranging experience with this matter helps us make sense of how we can become safer online.
#135
Dec 24, 2025 · 32 min
How AI Is Shifting the Telecom Landscape (with Roger Entner)
As the increased use of artificial intelligence necessitates connectivity, it will continue to become inextricably linked to the digital network landscape. When people talk about artificial intelligence, they usually focus on algorithms, chips, or data centers. But there’s a less visible piece that determines whether any of it works in the real world: digital networks. AI doesn’t live in one place. It moves. It learns. It responds in real time. And all of that depends on the networks that carry data among devices, clouds, and people. In many ways, telecommunications and cable operators are the digital networks that make up the transportation system of the AI economy—the highways, railroads, and air traffic control that make intelligence usable at scale for businesses and consumers. In this episode, Shane interviews Roger Entner, one of the most respected analysts in telecommunications and digital infrastructure. Roger is the founder of Recon Analytics. He advises companies on strategy and public policy in telecommunications, technology, AI, and media. Previously, he served as senior vice president and head of telecom research at the Nielsen Company. He’s spent decades studying how networks evolve, how policy shapes investment, and why connectivity is central to innovation. Compute may create intelligence, but networks deliver it, from mobile and broadband to the next wave of AI-driven services. His decades of experience in the telecommunications industry give him the depth of expertise to discuss the future of artificial intelligence in this space.
#134
Dec 11, 2025 · 55 min
CISA vs. CISA: How Cybersecurity Legislation Is Being Held Hostage by Politics (with Caitlin Clarke, Cristin Flynn Goodwin, and Jim Lewis)
One of the most important cybersecurity laws in the country quietly expired last October with no sign of reauthorization on the horizon. Instead, the conflation between the 2015 Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency has led to a political standstill that will only have negative impacts on American cybersecurity. What implications will not reauthorizing CISA 2015 have on national security? And how much risk are we taking on by letting protections for information sharing between the private sector and the government lapse? In this episode, Shane Tews is joined by Caitlin Clarke, Cristin Flynn Goodwin, and James Andrew Lewis. In this conversation, they unpack how confusion between the 2015 information-sharing law and the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) makes Americans vulnerable to foreign cyberattacks, how rescinded liability and FOIA protections are already slowing down cyber defense, and why speed matters more than ever as AI accelerates malicious actors.
#133
Nov 26, 2025 · 48 min
Digital Currency as a Network (with Milton Mueller, Karim Farhat, Vagisha Srivastava, and Nicoletta Kolpakov)
How should we address the governance gap between central banks controlling money and the oversight of cryptocurrency? How can decentralized crypto networks and centralized monetary authorities collaborate? And what’s next for digital finance? To explore these questions, Shane Tews is joined by Milton Mueller, Karim Farhat, and Vagisha Srivastava from the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School of Public Policy at Georgia Tech. Mueller is the cofounder and director of the Internet Governance Project at Georgia Tech, where he specializes in the political economy of the internet. Farhat is the assistant director of the Internet Governance Project, focusing primarily on the digital economy and cybersecurity. Srivastava is a PhD student working on internet fragmentation. They are also joined by Nicoletta Kolpakov, director of the Cirrus Institute. This group’s extensive knowledge makes for an engaging and informative episode.
#132
Nov 13, 2025 · 26 min
Financial Data Upon Request (with Penny Lee)
Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Act is the foundation of open banking in the United States—giving individuals the right to access and share their own financial data with services of their choice. This rule seeks to increase consumer control, encourage competition, and make it easier to switch providers or use financial management tools. However, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau—the agency responsible for implementing this provision—is now reconsidering how (or whether) it should be enforced. In today’s discussion, we explore why Section 1033 has become a key focus of rulemaking and how changes to open banking policies could shift the balance of power between consumers, financial institutions, and emerging fintech companies. To look into this, Shane Tews spoke with Penny Lee, president and CEO of the Financial Technology Association. Penny is also the cofounder of K Street Capital—an angel investment group in Washington, DC—and served as a senior advisor for former US Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid. She brings more than two decades of experience in the private and public sectors, making for an informative conversation.
#131
Oct 30, 2025 · 28 min
When Portability and Social Media Meet (with Matt Reeder)
Bluesky Social is a social media app that was originally launched in 2019 on Twitter, before becoming an independent company in 2021. Bluesky’s mission is to offer a decentralized experience for users—where algorithms are not imposed on them, but they can choose their content preferences. The platform also highlights the importance of portability, enabling users to carry their social media ecosystems across different platforms. But what are the technical and social challenges to making true platform portability a reality? To explore this, Shane Tews interviews Matt Reeder, head of legal at Bluesky. Formerly, Matt served as chief legal and operations officer at OnlyFans and as a trial attorney with the US Marine Corps. His extensive experience in creating transparent, user-focused terms and conditions, combined with his passion for expanding opportunities, makes for an engaging conversation.
#130
Oct 16, 2025 · 32 min
The Front Door to Your Digital Ecosystem: The Email Inbox (with Cy Khormaee and Ryan Luo)
Email was created over 50 years ago—so why isn’t it secure? Sixty-eight percent of IT teams report a data breach in their organization caused by phishing in the last year. Even experts trained to spot the telltale signs can be fooled: Nearly 66 percent of IT leaders admit to clicking malicious links, and more than half of employees have done the same. Shane interviews Cy Khormaee and Ryan Luo, cofounders of AegisAI. Together, they bring over a decade of experience at Google. In this discussion, they provide both a technical and practical lens to cybersecurity. They discuss why email is the frontline of cybersecurity, describe the anatomy of a phishing email, explain how individuals and organizations can protect their inboxes, and more.

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