Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series

Ruey Hu, MD, MPH

Welcome to Hu Said, a cardiology #MedEd podcast. Every episode cuts straight to the core of the topic, delivering the high-yield information you need to know for your exams. In this 2nd season of the podcast, new topics have been added, with >100 total topics. Whenever possible, evidence-based statements from the latest ACC/AHA/HRS/HFSA/SCAI guidelines are interwoven. Whether you are a resident, fellow, or re-certifying cardiologist, subscribe for precise, curated pearls. Ensure you get maximum knowledge in minimal time, because your time is valuable.

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Materials: rueyhu.com/MedEd

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20 episodes
Updated Thursday

Episodes20

Newest first

2026 AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure
Why did the 2026 universal definition abandon specific numerical cutoffs for HFrEF and HFpEF? What are the three positive trajectories that can emerge from symptomatic HF? How do impHF (heart failure with improvement), remHF (heart failure with remission), and recHF (heart failure with recovery) differ from one another? What is the distinction between worsening HF and decompensated HF? What are the categories in the new Universal Classification of HF by Cause? How does the cause of HF differ between geographic regions? Watch for answers to these key questions and more in this deep dive of the 2026 AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure. Watch on YouTube: https://youtu.be/MR20wFklefg Difficulty Level: Easy You are listening to Hu Said: Guideline Lifeline Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Thursday · 16 min
2026 ACC/AHA Dyslipidemia Guideline
When should apoB be measured? In whom should lipoprotein(a) be measured? Should LDL-C be calculated by the Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins, or Sampson-NIH equations? How do the PREVENT-ASCVD equations differ from the Pooled Cohort Equations? How long is a coronary artery calcium (CAC) score of 0 "good for"? How should CAC scoring be used to guide statin initiation and intensity? What are the new LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apoB targets for secondary prevention? What counts as "very high-risk" ASCVD, and how does treatment differ? In which patients should bempedoic acid, inclisiran, or olezarsen be added? Watch for answers to these key questions and more in this "deep dive" of the 2026 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Management of Dyslipidemia. Watch on YouTube: https://youtu.be/yHXL_dH8zCo Difficulty Level: Easy You are listening to Hu Said: Guideline Lifeline Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠⁠⁠⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠⁠⁠⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
March 14 · 1 hr 12 min
2026 AHA/ACC Acute Pulmonary Embolism Guideline
What is the new 2026 classification for acute pulmonary embolism? What is the respiratory modifier? What category encompasses normotensive shock? What is the difference between the PESI score, sPESI score, Hestia score, and CPES score? Should LMWH or unfractionated heparin be used for initial parenteral anticoagulation for PE? What anticoagulation agent for PE is recommended in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, chronic kidney disease, brain tumors, or pregnancy? In which patients is systemic lysis, catheter-directed thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, or surgery appropriate? How should clot-in-transit be managed? Is there a role for pulmonary vasodilators? How should vasopressors be dosed in acute PE? How is CTEPD different from CTEPH? How long should anticoagulation be continued after PE? Watch for answers to these key questions in this "deep dive" of the 2026 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ACEP/CHEST/SCAI/SHM/SIR/SVM/SVN Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Adults — the first-ever dedicated AHA/ACC guideline on acute PE.This episode also available on YouTube: https://youtu.be/rE-I4Jwq1UA Difficulty Level: Easy You are listening to Hu Said: Guideline Lifeline Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
February 21 · 1 hr 16 min
2025 ACC/AHA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Guideline
What right ventricular end-systolic volume should guide timing of pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot? At what pulmonary vascular resistance can closure be pursued for an atrial septal defect in patients with pulmonary hypertension? How often should Fontan patients receive liver imaging and alpha-fetoprotein screening? Should patients with Eisenmenger syndrome be routinely anticoagulated? What is the maternal mortality risk for pregnancy in Eisenmenger syndrome? Should most pregnant patients with adult congenital heart disease undergo cesarean delivery? Should cyanotic ACHD patients undergo prophylactic phlebotomy? Can ACHD patients participate in competitive sports? Watch for answers to these key questions in this "deep dive" of the 2025 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease.Difficulty Level: Advanced This episode also available on YouTube: https://youtu.be/IYTn5bjiHqY Difficulty Level: Intermediate You are listening to Hu Said: Guideline Lifeline Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠⁠⁠⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠⁠⁠⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Dec 21, 2025 · 49 min
2025 AHA/ACC High Blood Pressure Guideline
What is the new term for hypertensive urgency? When is single-pill combination antihypertensive indicated? Do ACEI/ARB, MRA, and thiazide or potassium-sparing diuretics need to be held for initial testing of primary aldosteronism? In what neurologic condition should systolic BP be acutely lowered to 130-139 mmHg for 7 days, but not lower than 130 mmHg? Does BP control reduce the risk of dementia? In whom is renal denervation indicated and not indicated? Tune in for answers to these questions in this "deep dive" of the 2025 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Watch on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkObt8kU9Es Difficulty Level: Easy You are listening to Hu Said: Guideline Lifeline Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠⁠⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠⁠⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠⁠⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Aug 17, 2025 · 48 min
Special Episode: Music of the Heart: Arrhythmias
Can music help us understand cardiac arrhythmias? 🎵💓 In this special podcast episode, I explore how musical notation can be used to visualize and "hear" ECG rhythms, providing an intuitive and structured approach to learning atrial fibrillation, AV blocks, ventricular tachycardia, and more. By "hearing" arrhythmias and "reading" them in a musical framework, trainees can develop an alternative approach to ECG interpretation, reinforcing pattern recognition through both visual and auditory learning modalities.Musical score published in JACC Clinical Electrophysiology: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2025.02.022📖 Musical notation as a novel framework for ECG teaching:🎼 Atrial activity (P waves) = High-pitched chimes🥁 Ventricular beats (QRS complexes) = Low-pitched snare drumNote Durations Reflect Physiological Intervals:🔹 P wave = 32nd note → Approximates a normal PR interval (120-200 ms)🔹 PR prolongation (1° AV block) = 16th note → Reflects delay in AV node conduction🔹 Dropped beats (2° AV block) = Missing notes → Represent non-conducted impulses🔹 Rapid rhythms (VT, SVT) = Increased tempo → Matches clinical tachycardia rates🔹 Irregular rhythms (AFib, MAT) = Variable note spacing → Captures unpredictable R-R intervalsThis lecture is designed for medical students, cardiology fellows, electrophysiologists, and music lovers who want to experience a new way of learning cardiology! I have also provided this talk to JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology as a Supplemental Video. Please see the paper here. Tweetorial: https://x.com/ruey_hu/status/1919074533354656101🔔 Subscribe for more cardiology and medical education content!📢 Leave a comment below: What other arrhythmias can be represented through classical music notation? Let’s discuss!#Cardiology #MedicalEducation #ECG #Arrhythmia #MusicAndMedicine #Electrophysiology #HeartRhythm
May 4, 2025 · 26 min
2025 Acute Coronary Syndromes Guideline
Should non-culprit lesions be revascularized in STEMI and NSTEMI? Should revascularization of non-culprit lesions occur in a simultaneous or staged manner? How do these recommendations differ when acute MI presents with cardiogenic shock? When DAPT is reduced to SAPT, which P2Y12 inhibitor is favored for monotherapy? When is de-escalation from ticagrelor/prasugrel to clopidogrel reasonable? In post-PCI patients requiring antithrombotic therapy, what should the duration of triple therapy be, and what is the P2Y12 inhibitor of choice? What is the role of Impella, IABP, and VA-ECMO in ACS with cardiogenic shock? Tune in for answers to these questions in this "deep dive" of the 2025 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. Bonus – Accompanying YouTube Talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MccydgyxK_I Difficulty Level: Intermediate You are listening to Hu Said: Guideline Lifeline Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Mar 2, 2025 · 48 min
11.12 Single Ventricle
In this episode, we review congenital single ventricle, including physiology, surgical repair, and long-term management. What are the different types of univentricular heart defects, and how do they affect the systemic and pulmonary circulations? What are the three steps of staged surgical repair for single ventricle, and what are the indications for each? What is the difference between classic (unidirectional) Glenn surgery and bidirectional Glenn surgery? What is the difference between classic Fontan surgery, direct RA-to-PA Fontan, lateral tunnel Fontan, and extracardiac Fontan? What are the common post-repair complications, including arrhythmias, Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD), and thrombosis, and how are these complications managed? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Advanced You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 25, 2024 · 14 min
11.11 Transposition of the Great Arteries and Truncus Arteriosus
In this episode, we review transposition of the great arteries (TGA), including the physiology, imaging, repair strategies, and potential complications. What is the difference between D-TGA (complete TGA) and L-TGA (congenitally corrected TGA), and why are they named D- and L-? How does blood flow through the heart in D-TGA, and why is a shunt necessary for survival? What imaging features help identify what is serving as a right ventricle versus a left ventricle? What do the atrial switch (Mustard, Senning), arterial switch (Jatene), and Rastelli surgeries entail, and what are their complications? In what subset of D-TGA patients is the Rastelli surgery indicated? How can you distinguish truncus arteriosus from tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia on imaging? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Advanced You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 24, 2024 · 17 min
11.10 Ebstein’s Anomaly, Double Right Ventricle, Tricuspid Hypoplasia, Pulmonic Hypoplasia
In this episode, we review right side congenital abnormalities, including Ebstein’s anomaly, double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV), tricuspid hypoplasia, and pulmonic hypoplasia. Which condition is characterized by "atrialization" of the right ventricle? How does the apical displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve in Ebstein anomaly compare with what occurs in atrioventricular septal defect? What is the significance of an accessory pathway in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly? What are the indications for surgical intervention in Ebstein’s anomaly? How can tricuspid valve dysplasia be distinguished from Ebstein’s anomaly? What is the role of right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduits, and when should they be replaced? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Intermediate You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 23, 2024 · 11 min
11.09 Tetralogy of Fallot
In this episode, we review Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), including its pre-repair issues, surgical options, and post-repair complications. What are the four cardinal abnormalities seen in TOF, and how do they impact right-to-left shunting and systemic oxygenation? What are the differences between the Blalock-Taussig shunt, the Waterston or Potts shunts, and complete TOF repair? What surgical strategies are used today? When are temporizing procedures acceptable over complete repair? What are the long-term complications after TOF repair, including pulmonary regurgitation (PR), arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death, and how are these managed? When is it acceptable to perform pulmonary valve replacement in post-TOF repair patients who have moderate or severe PR that is asymptomatic? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Advanced You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 22, 2024 · 15 min
11.08 Coarctation of the Aorta
In this episode, we review coarctation of the aorta (CoA), including its epidemiology, presentation, imaging, and management. Which type of VSD is commonly seen in patients with CoA? What proportion of CoA patients have bicuspid aortic valve, and what proportion of bicuspid aortic valve patients have CoA? What key physical exam findings suggest CoA, and how does it present in young patients versus adults? What pattern should you see on PW Doppler of the descending aorta and CW Doppler of the coarctation? What is considered a significant peak-to-peak gradient across a coarctation? What are the criteria for surgical or transcatheter intervention? What are the long-term complications after repair? When should you suspect re-coarctation after CoA repair? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Intermediate You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 21, 2024 · 12 min
11.07 Patent Ductus Arteriosus
In this episode, we review the physiology, imaging, and management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). What is the classic murmur of PDA, and how does it change with shunt reversal? Why do patients with PDA get left heart enlargement instead of right heart enlargement? How does the differential cyanosis seen in PDA with Eisenmenger syndrome present? How do you calculate pulmonary artery systolic pressure using PDA velocity? How do you distinguish the Doppler CW profile of PDA from pulmonary valve regurgitation? What are the indications for PDA closure, and why are Qp ratios not used as they are for ASD and VSD? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Intermediate You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 20, 2024 · 7 min
11.06 Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return, Persistent Left SVC
In this episode, we explore anomalous pulmonary venous return (APVR), including its types, associated conditions, and management. What is the difference between total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR)? How do supracardiac, cardiac, infracardiac, and mixed types of TAPVR differ? Which ASD type is most commonly associated with PAPVR? What are the physiologic consequences of right heart overload caused by APVR, and what are the criteria for surgical intervention? How is Scimitar syndrome diagnosed and managed, and when should surgery be considered for this rare condition? Lastly, we will touch upon persistent superior vena cava syndrome. Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Advanced You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 19, 2024 · 9 min
11.05 Atrioventricular Septal Defects
In this episode, we explore atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD), covering its types, physiology, and when to intervene. How do complete, partial, transitional, and intermediate AV septal defects differ in structure and physiology? What are the anatomic and functional consequences of a primum ASD with cleft mitral valve, and how does this affect the mitral valve's position relative to the tricuspid valve? What challenges do patients with AVSD face post-surgery, including risks of mitral regurgitation, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and arrhythmias? When is surgery recommended for AVSD, and what are the key considerations for long-term follow-up? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Advanced You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 18, 2024 · 8 min
11.04 Ventricular Septal Defects
In this episode, we review ventricular septal defects (VSDs), including their types, physiology, and management. What are the differences between inlet, outlet, membranous, and trabecular VSDs? How do these defects vary in terms of location, association with other cardiac conditions, and suitability for percutaneous closure? Which VSD types tend to have aortic cusp prolapse, leading to aortic regurgitation? If you see a color jet from a VSD in parasternal short axis view, what is the significance of the color jet being adjacent to the tricuspid valve versus being adjacent to the pulmonary valve? What are the physiologic consequences of left-to-right shunting in VSDs, and how does this lead to left heart dilation, pulmonary overcirculation, and potential progression to Eisenmenger syndrome? What are the criteria for VSD closure? Which is the only VSD type that is amenable to percutaneous closure? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Advanced You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 17, 2024 · 14 min
11.03 Patent Foramen Ovale
In this episode, we review patent foramen ovale (PFO), including its types, physiology, presentation, and when to intervene. How does a PFO differ from an atrial septal defect (ASD), and why does PFO not cause the right heart enlargement and pulmonary hypertension seen in ASD? What is platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome? What can cause platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome other than PFO? What features on brain MRI suggest that the etiology of an ischemic stroke is cardioembolic? What features on echocardiography distinguish between PFOs and ASDs? How can PFOs contribute to cryptogenic stroke, and what high-risk features indicate the need for closure? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Intermediate You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 16, 2024 · 15 min
11.02 Atrial Septal Defects
In this episode, we review atrial septal defects (ASDs), including their types, imaging, and management. What is the difference between secundum defect, primum defect, sinus venosus defect, and coronary sinus defect? Which is the only ASD defect out of the four that can be percutaneously closed (in addition to surgically closed)? Which ASD type is accompanied by anomalous pulmonary venous return? What are the physiologic consequences of left-to-right shunting in ASDs, and how can these lead to pulmonary hypertension and RV failure? What is Holt-Oram syndrome? What are the criteria for ASD closure? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Advanced You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 15, 2024 · 13 min
11.01 Congenital Heart Disease Epidemiology, Physiology, Associations
In this episode, we review the epidemiology of congenital heart diseases and develop a framework for categorizing them by cyanotic and non-cyanotic disorders, and go over physiologic concepts across congenital conditions. What are the 5 'T' disorders that are characterized by cyanosis? What are the non-T disorders that can develop cyanosis? What is the tipping point for Eisenmenger syndrome to occur? What are the non-cardiac manifestations of Eisenmenger syndrome? Is phlebotomy appropriate in Eisenmenger syndrome? What is the role of bosentan and sildenafil/tadalafil in Eisenmenger syndrome? What Qp/Qs ratio indicates a large left-to-right shunt that requires repair? What Qp/Qs ratio indicates a a small left-to-right shunt? What Qp/Qs ratio indicates net right-to-left shunting? What is the Flamm formula for calculating mixed venous saturation proximal to a transatrial shunt? What should you suspect if pulmonary oxygen saturation exceeds 80%, or is 8% higher than the superior vena cava's oxygen saturation? What is the difference between physiologic shunting and anatomic shunting? What conditions comprise ACHD physiologic stages A, B, C, and D? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Intermediate You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 14, 2024 · 24 min
10.01 Cardio-Obstetrics
In this episode, we review highlights of cardiovascular considerations in pregnancy. How does pregnancy affect blood volume, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, heart rate, and cardiac output? What routine physical exam findings in pregnancy that can mimic heart disease, and what physical exam findings are abnormal in pregnancy? How do LV mass, chamber size, and LV outflow tract velocity time integral (VTI) change in pregnancy? What is the effect of labor and delivery on cardiac output, blood volume, and venous return? What conditions comprise WHO risk class IV pregnancy patients? If a patient with peripartum cardiomyopathy has recovery of LV ejection fraction to >=50%, which WHO pregnancy class does that place them in? Are aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin safe in pregnancy? What is the difference between gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia? What severe features comprise the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia with severe features? What is the target blood pressure in pregnancy? Tune in for answers to these questions. Difficulty Level: Intermediate You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season) Please subscribe, rate, and support the channel! Ads help keep materials free for everyone. More MedEd resources available at ⁠www.rueyhu.com⁠ Updates at Twitter/X: ⁠@Ruey_Hu⁠
Oct 9, 2024 · 12 min

Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series

2026 AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure

2026 ACC/AHA Dyslipidemia Guideline

2026 AHA/ACC Acute Pulmonary Embolism Guideline

2025 ACC/AHA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Guideline

2025 AHA/ACC High Blood Pressure Guideline

Special Episode: Music of the Heart: Arrhythmias

2025 Acute Coronary Syndromes Guideline

11.12 Single Ventricle

11.11 Transposition of the Great Arteries and Truncus Arteriosus

11.10 Ebstein’s Anomaly, Double Right Ventricle, Tricuspid Hypoplasia, Pulmonic Hypoplasia

11.09 Tetralogy of Fallot

11.08 Coarctation of the Aorta

11.07 Patent Ductus Arteriosus

11.06 Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return, Persistent Left SVC

11.05 Atrioventricular Septal Defects

11.04 Ventricular Septal Defects

11.03 Patent Foramen Ovale

11.02 Atrial Septal Defects

11.01 Congenital Heart Disease Epidemiology, Physiology, Associations

10.01 Cardio-Obstetrics